Quarter milking parameters by lactation in dairy cows

Ova studija provedena je na 229 muznih krava u Litvi, a za mužnju korišteni su roboti tvrte DeLaval. Pritom su u svakoj pojedinoj četvrti vimena, ovisno o broju laktacija određivani prinos mlijeka (kg), trajanje mužnje (min), protok mlijeka (kg/min) i najviše vrijednosti protoka (kg/min). Statistička analiza prikupljenih podatka napravljena je pomoću programskog paketa Statistical Package for Social Science 22 za Windows, Kolmogorov-Smirnovog testa i modela analize varijance s jednim utjecajnim faktorom (ANOVA). Raspodjela četvrti vimena vrlo je važna u postupku mužnje. Prinos mlijeka u prednjim četvrtima vimena iznosio je oko 4,6 kg (42,2 %), a u zadnjim 6,32 kg (57,8 %) (P<0,05). Dakle, količina mlijeka bila je značajno manja (P<0,05) u prednjim četvrtima vimena u svih ispitivanih muznih krava. Uzimajući u obzir proizvodnju mlijeka u svim četvrtima vimena, mliječnost krava u prvoj laktaciji značajno je manja (P<0,05) u odnosu na krave s većim brojem laktacija. Trajanje mužnje prednjih četvrti vimena krava u trećoj i višoj laktaciji bilo je kraće nego u krava u prvoj laktaciji (P<0,005). S porastom broja laktacija opadalo je trajanje mužnje u prednjim četvrtima. Prosječan protok mlijeka i njegova maksimalna vrijednost bili su niži kod krava u prvoj laktaciju u odnosu na starije krave (P<0,05).The study was conducted on 229 dairy cows in Lithuania. DeLaval milking robots were used for cows’ milking. Milk yield (kg), milking duration (min), milk flow (kg/min), peak flow rates (kg/min) by cow lactation in separate udder quarters were analyzed. The statistical analysis of the research data was performed using the data collection and analysis program package Statistical Package for Social Science 22 for Windows, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and One-Factor Dispersion Analysis (ANOVA) model. Distribution of the udder quarters is very important in the cow milking process. Milk yield from cow front udder quarters was about 4.6 kg (42.2 %) and from rear udder quarters 6.32 kg (57.8 %) (P<0.05). The milk content in front quarters was significantly lower than in the rear udder quarters in all dairy cows (P<0.05). Cows of the first lactation showed lower milk production per milking in all udder quarters when compared to other lactation cows (P<0.05). The duration of milking of cows in third and more lactation in front quarters was shorter than that of the first lactation cows (P<0.005). Along the increase in the number of cows’ lactations, the milking time in the front quarters decreased. The average milk flow and the peak flow in the first lactation cows were found to be lower than that in older cows (P<0.05)

Ascertaining the influence of lacto-fermentation on changes in bovine colostrum amino and fatty acid profiles

The aim of this study was to collect samples of bovine colostrum (BCOL) from different sources (agricultural companies A, B, C, D and E) in Lithuania and to ascertain the influence of lacto-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain 135 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain 244 on the changes in bovine colostrum amino (AA), biogenic amine (BA), and fatty acid (FA) profiles. It was established that the source of the bovine colostrum, the used LAB, and their interaction had significant effects (p < 0.05) on AA contents; lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used for fermentation was a significant factor for aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, and tyrosine; and these factor’s interaction is significant on most of the detected AA concentrations. Total BA content showed significant correlations with glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, and gamma amino-butyric acid content in bovine colostrum. Despite the differences in individual FA contents in bovine colostrum, significant differences were not found in total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. Finally, the utilization of bovine colostrum proved to be challenging because of the variability on its composition. These results suggest that processing bovine colostrum into value-added formulations for human consumption requires the adjustment of its composition since the primary production stage. Consequently, animal rearing should be considered in the employed bovine colostrum processing technologies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Microcomputed tomographic assessment of the single cone root canal fillings performed by undergraduate student, postgraduate student and specialist endodontist

© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.The present study evaluated the obturation quality of root canals filled with BioRoot RCS sealer and single gutta-percha point by undergraduate student (US), postgraduate student (PS) and endodontist (ED). Twenty-one plastic models of upper premolars were enlarged with HyFlex EDM instruments to a size 40/0.04 taper and randomly divided into three groups (7 teeth/14 canals per group): US, PS and ED. After the obturation of root canals with BioRoot RCS and one HyFlex EDM size 40 gutta-percha point, plastic models were scanned using micro-computed tomography scanner (µCT) SkyScan 1272 at isotropic resolution of 10 µm. The porosity distribution was evaluated separately for the apical, middle and coronal thirds. The Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests with the significance level set at 5% were used for data analysis. The µCT evaluation revealed open pores being the dominant type of porosity in all experimental groups and root canal thirds, with the highest percentage of pores in the apical third of root canal fillings. The quality and homogeneity of single cone root canals fillings remained similar between the groups in the apical and middle thirds (p > 0.05). Significant differences were observed only in the coronal third (p < 0.05)

Porosity distribution in single cone root canal fillings performed by operators with different clinical experience: a microCT assessment /

The objective of this study was to assess the porosity distribution of BioRoot RCS/singlegutta-percha point root-canal fillings performed by a general dental practitioner and endodontist.Fourteen plastic models of maxillary premolars with two roots were selected and shaped with HyFlexEDM instruments to a size 40/0.04 taper and randomly divided into two experimental groups. Atotal of 14 canals in each group were obturated by two different operators with one HyFlex EDM size40 gutta-percha point and BioRoot RCS sealer. The specimens were scanned with a high-resolutionmicro-computed tomography scanner, and the porosity of the fillings at the coronal, middle, andapical thirds of the root canals was qualified and quantified. The differences between groups androot-canal thirds were compared using Mann–Whitney, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests with thesignificance level set atp 0.05). Statistically significant differenceswere determined only in the coronal third (p 0.05)

Influence of teat disinfection with iodine preparation on bacterial contamination of teats, hygenic quality and content of iodine in milk

The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of pre-milking teat disinfection on total bacterial contamination of teat skin, and to analyze the effect of pre- and post-milking teat disinfection on somatic cell count in milk. Three groups of cows in five dairy farms were used. The total bacterial contamination on cow teat skin before and after teat disinfection was determined. The number of colony forming units (cfu) was calculated per 1 ml a total for 2700 samples. The most bacteria on teat skin were effectively reduced after pre-milking teats disinfectionm almost in all groups of 5 farms (from 1.1 to 4.5 times). Summarized results showed that the number of bacteria counted on teat skin and milk somatic cell count (SCC) were significantly higher from teats with no pre- and post-milking teat disinfection in comparison with teats with pre- and post-milking teat disinfection or no pre-milking teat disinfection and post-milking teat disinfection only (p≤0.05). Pre-milking teat disinfectant with peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide was effective in reducing total bacterial contamination on cow teat skin. The results also indicate that application with pre- and post-milking teat disinfectants provided an impact on the reduction of SCC in milk. The lowest iodine content was 0.1291 mg L-1 (group T1, whereas the highest was 0.2963 mg L-1). In our research the differences in the iodine content between farms were noted as well. For example, the highest iodine content in milk appeared at FIV farm. Statistical differences appeared at p≤0.05

Association between maxillary posterior teeth periapical odontogenic lesions and maxillary sinus mucosal thickening: a 3D volumetric computed tomography analysis

Background: The detailed relationship between apical periodontitis and maxillary sinus mucosal thickening is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between maxillary posterior teeth periapical odontogenic lesions and maxillary sinus mucosal (MSM) thickening by using volumetric 3D CT analysis. Methods: A total of 83 subjects with apical periodontitis around maxillary posterior teeth and maxillary sinus mucosal thickening were selected. 3D models of maxillary sinus mucosa and apical lesions were reconstructed from CT, and their volume, mean diameter were calculated. Results: Mean MSM thickening was 8.81 ± 12.59 mm with an average volume of 5092.58 ± 7435.38 mm3. Men had higher MSM thickening than women. Mean diameter of apical lesion was 5.94 ± 2.68 mm; average volume was 200.5 ± 197.29 mm3. Mean distance between MSM and apical lesion was 1.83 ± 2.07 mm. Mucosal volume was the highest in the S1 and D1 configuration and the lowest in R3. Reducing the distance between apical lesion and MSM by each millimetre, the volume of MSM increases by 759.99 mm3. Conclusions: Volumetric CT analysis is a circumstantial method to evaluate the association between maxillary posterior teeth apical periodontitis and MSM thickening. This relationship is not related to the size of the apical lesion but depends on their anatomical position and the distance from the maxillary sinus mucosa

Association between Milk Electrical Conductivity Biomarkers with Lameness in Dairy Cows

Early identification of lameness at all phases of lactation improves milk yield and reduces the incidence of mastitis in the herd. According to the literature we hypothesized that there are associations of electrical conductivity variables of milk flow with lameness in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine if blood cortisol and electrical conductivity in the milk flow phases correlate with each other and whether they are related to cow lameness. On one farm, out of 1500 cows, 64 cows with signs of lameness and 56 healthy cows were selected with an average of 2.8 lactations and 60 days in the postpartum period. A local veterinarian who specializes in hoof care treatments identified and scored lameness. During evening milking, the milk flow of all 120 cows was measured using electronic milk flow meters (Lactocorder®, WMB AG, Balgache, Switzerland). Before each milking, two electronic mobile milk flow meters (Lactocorders) were mounted between the milking apparatus and the milking tube to take measurements. We found that the average cortisol concentration in the blood of the studied cows was significantly correlated with the laminitis score. Results of this study indicate that the number of non-lame cows with a milk electrical conductivity level of <6 mS/cm even reached 90.8–92.3% of animals. Milk electrical conductivity indicators ≥ 6 mS/cm were determined in 17.8–29.0% more animals in the group of lame cows compared to the group of non-lame cows. According to our study, we detected that blood cortisol concentration had the strongest positive correlation with milk electrical conductivity indicators. Cows with a greater lameness score had a higher cortisol content and milk conductivity

The influence of lameness on several automatic milking system variables and reproductive performance indicators in dairy cows

There is an increased interest in using automatic milking systems (AMS) to indirectly assess the welfare of dairy cows, but knowledge on analyzing the association between lameness, milk yield characteristics, and reproductive performance in cows is still insufficient. The main aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of lameness on several AMS variables and reproductive performance indicators during the early stage of lactation and estrus in Lithuanian Black and White dairy cows, as well as to assess the associations between lameness, productivity and reproductive efficiency. A total of 418 milking cows (50.3±1.2 d postpartum) without any apparent reproductive disorder were monitored for hoof health status. Cows were assigned to two groups on the basis of visual locomotion scoring: “non-lame“cows (group 1; 74.20%) and cows presenting “lameness“ (lame cows) (group 2; 25.80%). Productive and milking performances of dairy cows were recorded from 50 to 100 days in milk (DIM) and 1 day after the first estrus. The lameness was predominantly localized on the hind feet (79.60%) and less frequently - on the front feet (20.40%; p<0.001). Furthermore, the lameness had a tendency to decrease milk production (4.24%; p<0.05) and increase the difference in milk yield between rear and front quarters of the udder (1.20%; p<0.05). The frequency of milking (5.19%) was lower in lame cows (p<0.05). The lame cows during estrus showed a more pronounced decrement in milk yield and milking frequency (p<0.05), and also higher milk progesterone concentration values (1.55-1.76 time’s; p<0.001), and an increasing number of inseminations (11.69%; p<0.05) were observed. The results highlighted that analysis of data from AMS programs can be a successful tool for reducing risk factors related to the effective management of reproductive performance and hoof health of dairy cows

Association between Milk Electrical Conductivity Biomarkers with Lameness in Dairy Cows

Early identification of lameness at all phases of lactation improves milk yield and reduces the incidence of mastitis in the herd. According to the literature we hypothesized that there are associations of electrical conductivity variables of milk flow with lameness in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine if blood cortisol and electrical conductivity in the milk flow phases correlate with each other and whether they are related to cow lameness. On one farm, out of 1500 cows, 64 cows with signs of lameness and 56 healthy cows were selected with an average of 2.8 lactations and 60 days in the postpartum period. A local veterinarian who specializes in hoof care treatments identified and scored lameness. During evening milking, the milk flow of all 120 cows was measured using electronic milk flow meters (Lactocorder®, WMB AG, Balgache, Switzerland). Before each milking, two electronic mobile milk flow meters (Lactocorders) were mounted between the milking apparatus and the milking tube to take measurements. We found that the average cortisol concentration in the blood of the studied cows was significantly correlated with the laminitis score. Results of this study indicate that the number of non-lame cows with a milk electrical conductivity level of &lt;6 mS/cm even reached 90.8-92.3% of animals. Milk electrical conductivity indicators ≥ 6 mS/cm were determined in 17.8-29.0% more animals in the group of lame cows compared to the group of non-lame cows. According to our study, we detected that blood cortisol concentration had the strongest positive correlation with milk electrical conductivity indicators. Cows with a greater lameness score had a higher cortisol content and milk conductivity