Medizin und Moral in der Syphilisbekämpfung

This paper analyzes the relation between sin, punishment and syphilis during the 19th and 20th centuries. Examination of preventive and therapeutic strategies for venereal infection shows that the deep-rooted connection between conceptions of sin, punishment and venereal disease has lasted well into the 20th century

Loss of Innocence: Albert Moll, Sigmund Freud and the Invention of Childhood Sexuality around 1900

This paper analyses how, prior to the work of Sigmund Freud, an understanding of infant and childhood sexuality emerged during the nineteenth century. Key contributors to the debate were Albert Moll, Max Dessoir and others, as fin-de-siècle artists and writers celebrated a sexualised image of the child. By the beginning of the twentieth century, most paediatricians, sexologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, psychoanalysts and pedagogues agreed that sexuality formed part of a child’s ‘normal’ development. This paper argues that the main disagreements in discourses about childhood sexuality related to different interpretations of children’s sexual experiences. On the one hand stood an explanation that argued for a homology between children’s and adults’ sexual experiences, on the other hand was an understanding that suggested that adults and children had distinct and different experiences. Whereas the homological interpretation was favoured by the majority of commentators, including Moll, Freud, and to some extent also by C.G. Jung, the heterological interpretation was supported by a minority, including childhood psychologist Charlotte Bühler

The burden of lust

Robert Jütte legt mit Lust ohne Last eine umfassende, allgemeinverständliche und spannend zu lesende Geschichte der Empfängnisverhütung von der Antike bis in die unmittelbare Gegenwart vor.In Lust without Burden, Robert Jütte has written a comprehensive, accessible and gripping history of contraception from antiquity to the present

Solidarität und die Finanzierung der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren

Until the early seventies escalating costs in the health care sector were accepted as being a necessary consequence of social progress. However, this view has since begun to shift. Due to the recession in the mid–seventies, mounting health expenditures now loomed as a threat to the economy. Rather than social progress, the issue now was measures to curb the rising costs and increase insurance revenues. Rising health care contributions initiated by the government coalition of Social Democrats and the Liberal Party marked this change of perspective in health policy that led to restraints in the principle of solidarity within the statutory health insurance system and, as a result, to a renewed privatisation of health expenditures. Since then patients who had health insurance were obliged to pay a larger share of their health expenses

Junge oder Mädchen - Frau oder Mann? Die Herstellung visueller Selbstverständlichkeiten in der Sexualaufklärung im 20. Jahrhundert [Boy or Girl - Woman or Man? The Heterosexual Body and the Making of Visual Self-Evidence in Twentieth Century Sex Education]

This paper analyses the ways in which twentieth century sex education material constructed gender and the heterosexual body. Over the course of the century, representations of gender in such material changed fundamentally. In the first half of the century, sex education literature sought to make children aware of male and female gender roles and to ground differences in these roles in reproductive biology. By the end of the 1960s, however, this strategy was increasingly perceived as insufficient. Traditional and previously unequivocal signs of gender (e.g. hair style, occupation) had lost their gendered significance. Hence, sex educators had to introduce other signs which would allow children to identify gender. These signs were seen in the sexual anatomy of the genitals. Consequently, in the 1970s, sex education material included an increasing number of illustrations of naked bodies to direct the beholder’s gaze towards the genitals as the unequivocal sign of gender

Die Herstellung des sexuellen und erotischen Körpers in der westdeutschen Jugendzeitschrift BRAVO in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren = The Making of the Sexual and Erotic Body in the West German Youth Magazine BRAVO, 1960s-70s

This paper analyses the very successful popular youth magazine BRAVO as a central element of the West German youth culture. The focus is on BRAVO’s contribution to the shaping of the sexual and erotic knowledge of the young in West Germany since the mid-1960s. Using a definition of popular culture that is inspired by the cultural studies and by an understanding of gender as a construct, the paper scrutinizes discourses on homo­sexuality, impotency and frigidity, moral debates on premarital sexual intercourse and changes of sexual behaviour of the young at the end of the 1960s, as well as discourses on the erotic body in the 1970s. By mediating authoritative knowledge about sex BRAVO contributed to stabilizing the heterosexual matrix in West Germany’s youth culture. Zusammenfassung: Der Aufsatz untersucht die populäre und äußerst erfolgreiche Zeitschrift BRAVO als ein zentrales Element der westdeutschen Jugendkultur. Im Mittelpunkt steht der Beitrag, den BRAVO seit Mitte der 1960er Jahre zur Formung des sexuellen und erotischen Körperwissens von Jugendlichen in Westdeutschland leistete. Ausgehend von einer Definition von populärer Kultur, die auf den cultural studies basiert, und einem Verständnis von Geschlecht als etwas Hergestelltem, werden Diskurse über Homosexualität, Impotenz und Frigidität, über vorehelichen Geschlechtsverkehr und den Wandel des Sexualverhaltens von Jugendlichen am Ende der 1960er Jahre untersucht, ebenso Diskurse über den erotischen Körper in den 1970er Jahren. Durch die Vermittlung autoritativen Wissens über den Sex trug die Jugendzeitschrift BRAVO dazu bei, die heterosexuelle Matrix in der westdeutschen Jugendkultur zu stabilisieren

Health Costs and the Ethics of the German Sickness Insurance System

New biomedical technologies and decisions require critical debate on matters as fundamental as how and what we eat, how we maintain health, and how we die. This book addresses the question of an historic change from medical paternalism to patient autonomy in matters of health, or 'from medical ethics to bioethics'. Written by authors with academic backgrounds in medicine, history, and philosophy, the contributions to this volume unlock the study of twentieth-century biomedical ethics in its social, political, legal, economic and clinical dimensions. They explore the key issues of professional self-regulaton, costs of health, informed consent in medical practice and clinical research, autonomy in end of life decisions, and genetic engineering. Many of the chapters deal with German themes, giving readers a rare chance to compare the familiar with historical developments in a sister European nation