Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Mediated by Garcinia Fruits andTheir Biological Applications

Background: Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using medicinal plant extract is an emerging area of research due to their applicability in nanomedicines. Methods: In this study, aqueous extracts prepared from fruit-pericarps of two Garcinia species, G. indica (GI) and G. cambogia (GC) fruits which are important medicinally and commercially have been utilized for the synthesis of AuNPs. Various analytical techniques were utilized to characterize the synthesized AuNPs. The synthesized AuNPs were investigated for their biological properties such as antioxidant activity using the (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH model, cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (breast) cancer cell line, and antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains viz. B. subtilis and E. coli. Results: The absorption peak of the AuNPs is observed at 541 nm using UV–Visible spectroscopy. The high resolution – scanning electron microscopy images showed spherical with a triangular shape AuNPs and their average sizes were ranging from 2 – 10 nm and it was found to be in good agreement with the particle size of 8 – 11 nm determined using X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that water-soluble biomolecules from the aqueous extracts of the Garcinia species played a crucial role in the formation of AuNPs. The synthesized AuNPs exhibited considerable cytotoxicity with IC50 values 34.55 µg/ml (GI) and 35.69 µg/ml (GC) against the MCF-7 cancer cell line. Furthermore, synthesized AuNPs also demonstrated significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties comparable to the standards used. Conclusion: AuNPs have been synthesized using a simple green approach. The synthesized AuNPs demonstrated promising cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties

The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics

Not AvailableFood is like fuel for our body. It is said that if we eat proper food no medicine will be required. If we don?t eat proper food no medicine will act. A close relationship exists between the immune state and occurrences of diseases. Low immune function of an individual results in poor health but also prevents recovery. The enhancement of host immune response has been recognised as a possible means of defence against pathogen attack. Immunomodulation through natural substances, i.e. our food and food supplement through herbs may be considered as complimentary for the prevention and cure of diseases as food after all is the best medicine for our body. Traditionally, our food includes a large number of immunity boosters such as milk, spices like garlic, onion, turmeric, ginger and black pepper, vegetables such as drum stick, cucumber, carrot and red capsicum, mushroom, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, peas, fruits like pine apple, watermelon and other with vitamin C, herbs like tulsi, amla, lemon, etc. Grains and seeds such as pumpkin and flaxseed which are enriched with immunity booster minerals like zinc and selenium and omega-3 fatty acids have been parts of our traditional food. Pulses such as lentil and soybean, egg and cheese are also good source of immunomodulating substances. Herbs under the category ?Rasayana? in Ayurveda such as Ashwagandha, Giloe, Shatavari, etc. are being prescribed as immunomodulator since ancient tim

Industrial Crops and Products

Not AvailabletIn order to supply uniform, genuine, good quality raw material to the pharmaceutical industries andto reduce the burden on natural stocks, cultivation of medicinal crops is the need of the hour. How-ever, improved varieties with optimum levels of active ingredients have so far not been developed ina number of important medicinal crops. Considering this, an investigation was undertaken to assessthe extent of variability amongst the natural populations of Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre), an importantanti-diabetic plant of the Indian Systems of Medicine. Evaluation of the accessions for morphologicalparameters revealed highly significant differences for leaf related parameters viz. length, width, fresh aswell as dry weight and petiole length, which directly contribute to the biological yield of the plant. Fur-ther, a validated high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) methodwas also developed for identification and quantification of bioactive principle i.e., gymnemagenin in agradient elution mode using solvent mixture composing of acetonitrile (solvent A), potassium dihydro-gen orthophosphate (10 mM, solvent B) both solvent A and B containing orthophosphoric acid (0.05%,v/v). Results revealed significant differences for gymnemagenin content amongst the accessions evalu-ated. These accessions could be used in breeding programs for development of cultivars with optimumlevels of gymnemagenin, which in turn may promote the cultivation of this high value medicinal crop

Development and validation of a rapid high performance liquid chromatography - photodiode array detection method for estimation of a bioactive compound wedelolactone in extracts of Eclipta alba

Following optimization of extraction, separation and analytical conditions, a rapid, sensitive and simple reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) method has been developed for the identification and quantification of wedelolactone in different extracts of Eclipta alba. The separation of wedelolactone was achieved on a C18 column using the solvent system consisting of a mixture of methanol: water: acetic acid (95: 5: 0.04) as a mobile phase in isocratic elution mode followed by photo diode array detection at 352 nm. The developed method was validated as per the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). Calibration curve presented good linear regression (r²>0.998) within the test range and the maximum relative standard deviation (RSD, %) values for intra-day assay were found to be 0.15, 1.30 and 1.1 for low (5 µg/mL), medium (20 µg/mL) and high (80 µg/mL) concentrations of wedelolactone. For inter-day assay the maximum RSD (%) values were found to be 2.83, 1.51 and 2.06 for low, medium and high concentrations, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 2 and 5 µg/mL respectively. Analytical recovery of wedelolactone was greater than 95%. Wedelolactone in different extracts of Eclipta alba was identified and quantified using the developed HPLC method. The validated HPLC method allowed precise quantitative analysis of wedelolactone in Eclipta. alba extracts.<br>Desenvolveu-se método rápido, sensível e simples de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência em fase reversa, utilizando-se arranjo de fotodiodo (HPLC-PDA), visando à separação, extração e às condições analíticas para a identificação e quantificação de wedelolactona em diferentes extratos de Eclipta alba. A separação de wedelolactona foi efetuada por meio de uma coluna C18, utilizando mistura de metanol:água:ácido acético (95:5:0.04) como fase móvel, em sistema de eluição isocrática, seguida de detecção por arranjo de fotodiodo a 352 nm. O método desenvolvido foi validado de acordo com as diretrizes da Conferência Internacional de Harmonização (ICH). As curvas de calibração apresentaram boa regressão linear (r²>0,998), dentro dos intervalos de teste, e os valores máximos de desvio padrão relativo (RSD,%) dos ensaios intra-dia foram 0,15, 1,30 e 1,1 para concentrações de wedelolactona baixa (5 µg/mL), média (20 µg/mL) e elevada (80 µg/mL) Para o ensaio inter-dia,os máximos de RSD (%) foram 2,83, 1,51 e 2,06 para as concentrações baixa, média e alta, respectivamente. O Limite de Detecção (LD) e o Limite de Quantificação (LOQ) foram de 2 e 5 µg/mL, respectivamente. A recuperação analítica de wedelolactona foi maior do que 95%. A wedelolactona em diferentes extratos de Eclipta alba foi identificada e quantificada pelo método de HPLC desenvolvido. O método de HPLC validado permitiu a análise quantitativa precisa de wedelolactona em extratos de Eclipta alba

Bayes and Classical Prediction of Total Fertility Rate of India Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model

The paper illustrates a simple methodology to predict total fertility rate of India through an approximate Bayes analysis using a particular case of general autoregressive integrated moving average model. The corresponding results based on classical paradigm are also obtained especially using maximum likelihood estimators. The study first examines the data for its stationarity and the same is achieved by differencing the data twice. Once the stationarity is achieved, some specific cases of general autoregressive integrated moving average model are examined for the given time series data to find the most appropriate candidate. This is being done using Akaike’s information criterion and Bayes information criterion. The selected specific case of the model is analyzed both in Bayesian and classical frameworks, the former using vague prior for the parameters. The posterior computation in Bayesian paradigm is done using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. The two paradigms ultimately focus on drawing relevant inferences including the short term predictions, both retrospectively and prospectively. The results are, in general, found to be satisfactory

Validated HPLC method for identification and quantification of p-hydroxy benzoic acid and agnuside in Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia

A high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection method was developed for the identification and quantification of p-hydroxy benzoic acid and agnuside in the extracts of Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia. The separation was achieved using acetonitrile and O-phosphoric acidâwater (0.5%, v/v) as the mobile phase in an isocratic elution mode. Mean retention times of standard p-hydroxy benzoic acid and agnuside were 6.14 and 11.90 min respectively. The developed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines for limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy and precision. Good linearity (r2â¥0.999) was observed for both the compounds in wide concentration range. Relative standard deviation values for intra-day and inter-day precision studies were less than 2%. The analytical recoveries of p-hydroxy benzoic acid and agnuside by the developed HPLC method were 93.07% and 106.11% respectively. Two compounds were identified and quantified in leaves and bar extracts of V. negundo and V. trifolia using the developed HPLC method. Keywords: Vitex negundo, Vitex trifolia, HPLC-PDA, p-Hydroxy benzoic acid, Agnusid

Not Available

Not AvailableA comprehensive experiment was conducted to study the accumulation pattern and determination of three important bioactive compounds namely withaferin-A (WA), 12-deoxywithastramonolide (WO) and withanolide-A (WD) and its determination by the liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS-MS) method in root, stem, fruits and leaves of Withania somnifera. A rapid and sensitive LC–ESI-MS-MS method was developed and validated for the determination of these three important bioactive compounds, having same molecular weight. The multiplereactionmonitoringmethodwasestablishedbytwotransitionsforeachanalyteandintense transitionusedfor quantification. Separation ofthethree analyteswas achievedwithin aruntimeof 5 min on an RP-18 column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid in water in an isocratic condition. The developed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The developed method was found to be suitable for identification and quantification of WA, WO andWD indifferent plantparts suchas roots, stems, fruitsand leaves ofW.somnifera. Theaccumulation of WAwas highest in leaves samples (8.84±0.37 mg/g) and it was 2.23, 5.85 and 27.26 times higherthanitsconcentrationinfruits,stemsandroots,respectively.WOandWDcontentswerehighest (0.44±0.016 and 0.72±0.016 mg/g, respectively) in root.Not Availabl

Extraction optimization of gallic acid, (+)-catechin, procyanidin-B2, (–)-epicatechin, (–)-epigallocatechin gallate, and (–)-epicatechin gallate: their simultaneous identification and quantification in Saraca asoca

The objective of the present investigation was to optimize extraction conditions for maximum recovery of bioactive phenolics from different parts of Saraca asoca. Extraction recovery was optimized using a mixture of methanol and water in different proportions. For identification and quantification of six analytes, a rapid reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) photo diode array detection method was developed. UPLC separation was achieved in a gradient elution mode on a C18 column with acetonitrile and aqueous phosphoric acid (0.1%, pH = 2.5). Extraction solvent for maximum recovery of analytes varied depending on the nature of matrices. The developed UPLC method was validated in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. Wide linearity range, sensitivity, accuracy, short retention time, and simple mobile phase composition implied that the method could be suitable for routine analysis of all six analytes with high precision and accuracy. The uniqueness of this study is the determination of the distribution of these compounds in the various parts of S. asoca

Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera

Withnaia somnifera (L.) is a wonder herb with multiple medicinal properties. Its root is used in the preparation of many Ayurvedic medicines. Withanolides, steroidal lactones, present in the root are active chemical markers, however, phenolics, and flavonoids have also been reported in the root of this plant. In most of the herbal preparations, water extraction is carried out using the infusion or decoction preparation process. In the present study, extract yield, phytochemical constituents such as total phenol and withanolide content of water and water-alcohol extracts prepared using two most commonly used extraction techniques, also known as “Green Extraction” techniques, ultrasound and microwave assisted solvent extraction were compared with the conventional extraction method. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was also determined using DPPH and ABTS methods of antioxidant assay. Extract yield, chemical composition of the extracts (total phenol and withanolide content) and antioxidant activity of the extracts varied with the extraction process as well as solvent composition