Expressionsanalyse nukleärer Hormonrezeptoren im Ovarialkarzinom

Fragestellung: Das Ovarialkarzinom ist die fünfthäufigste Krebserkrankung bei Frauen. Trotz radikaler chirurgischer Interventionen und nachfolgender Chemotherapie beträgt das Fünfjahresüberleben nur 42%. Die anhaltend schlechte Prognose macht die Suche nach Zielmolekülen im Sinne einer „targeted therapy“ zur Erweiterung des Behandlungsspektrums nötig. Diese Arbeit soll neue Erkenntnisse über die Expression acht verschiedener Rezeptoren der Kernrezeptorsuperfamilie (THRα2, THRα1, THRα1/2, THRβ, THRβ1, RXRα, PPARγ und VitDR) im Ovarialkarzinom bringen und Aussagen zu ihrem prognostischen Stellenwert ermöglichen. Patienten und Methoden: Das untersuchte Kollektiv besteht aus Patientinnen, die an unserer Klinik zwischen 1990 und 2002 aufgrund eines Ovarialkarzinoms operiert wurden. Die Gewebeproben wurden nach den gängigen Methoden der Immunhistochemie bearbeitet, die Färbungen mittels IRS-Score bewertet und mit SPSS statistisch ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Alle von uns untersuchten Rezeptoren werden im Ovarialkarzinom exprimiert und zeigen zusätzlich zu ihrem nukleären Vorkommen eine Koexpression im Zytoplasma. Speziell PPARγ und THRβ1 kommen überwiegend extranukleär vor. Die Analyse der Rezeptorexpression nach histopathologischen Subtypen ergab eine Spezifität von THRβ1 für klarzellige Ovarialtumore. THRα1/2 ist in allen Subtypen außer dem muzinösen exprimiert. Bei Tumorprogression erlischt die Expression mehrerer Rezeptoren: Mit Verschlechterung des Gradings kommt es zum Verlust von THRα2 in serösen Ovarialkarzinomen und tendenziell auch im Gesamtkollektiv. Beim serösen Ovarialkarzinom wirkt sich dies verkürzend auf das Überleben aus. Auch die Expression des THRβ1 in klarzelligen Tumoren und des VitDR in serösen Karzinomen sinkt signifikant mit der Verschlechterung des Gradings. In fortgeschrittenen FIGO-Tumorstadien verlieren die Karzinome außerdem ihre THRβ1 Rezeptoren, sowie seröse Tumoren tendenziell ihre THRα1/2 Rezeptoren. Zusammenfassung 4 THRβ erfährt als einziger Rezeptor eine Expressionszunahme bei Tumorprogression und ist im Stadium III der FIGO-Klassifikation deutlich überexprimiert. Die zytoplasmatische Expression von THRα2, THRβ und VitDR scheint zudem die Mortalität zu erhöhen. Außerdem zeigt sich eine lange Reihe an Rezeptorkorrelationen. Diskussion: Im Zuge der Entdifferenzierung des Gewebes zeigte sich für mehrere Rezeptoren (THRα2, THRα1/2 und THRβ1) ein intranukleärer Expressionsverlust. Die intranukleäre und zytoplasmatische Expression der von uns untersuchten Rezeptoren korreliert dabei umgekehrt proportional miteinander (Ausnahme VitDR). Eine persistierende intranukleäre THRα2-Expression ermöglich zumindest im serösen Ovarialkarzinom ein längeres Überleben, während die zytoplasmatische Expression von THRα2, THRβ und VitDR im Gesamtkollektiv hochsignifikant das Mortalitätsrisiko steigert. Diese Translokation im Rahmen der Tumorprogression könnte evtl. durch einen Enzündungsprozess oder durch eine Schilddrüsenstörung ausgelöst sein. Weitere Untersuchungen mit Vergleich der Rezeptorexpression im gesunden Ovarialgeweben und simultaner Messung von Schilddrüsenhormonen und Entzündungsparametern sind ausstehend. Die intranukleäre Expression von THRβ hingegen nimmt bei Tumorprogression zu. Sein Stellenwert in der Kanzerogenese des Ovarialkarzinoms ist genau wie seine Bedeutung in der Krebsentstehung anderer Tumore noch nicht geklärt. RXRα, PPARγ und THRα1 scheinen im Ovarialkarzinom eine untergeordnete Rolle zu haben

Reliability of Serum Metabolite Concentrations over a 4-Month Period Using a Targeted Metabolomic Approach

Metabolomics is a promising tool for discovery of novel biomarkers of chronic disease risk in prospective epidemiologic studies. We investigated the between- and within-person variation of the concentrations of 163 serum metabolites over a period of 4 months to evaluate the metabolite reliability expressed by the intraclass-correlation coefficient (ICC: the ratio of between-person variance and total variance). The analyses were performed with the BIOCRATES AbsoluteIDQ™ targeted metabolomics technology, including acylcarnitines, amino acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and hexose in 100 healthy individuals from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study who had provided two fasting blood samples 4 months apart. Overall, serum reliability of metabolites over a 4-month period was good. The median ICC of the 163 metabolites was 0.57. The highest ICC was observed for hydroxysphingomyelin C14:1 (ICC = 0.85) and the lowest was found for acylcarnitine C3:1 (ICC = 0). Reliability was high for hexose (ICC = 0.76), sphingolipids (median ICC = 0.66; range: 0.24–0.85), amino acids (median ICC = 0.58; range: 0.41–0.72) and glycerophospholipids (median ICC = 0.58; range: 0.03–0.81). Among acylcarnitines, reliability of short and medium chain saturated compounds was good to excellent (ICC range: 0.50–0.81). Serum reliability was lower for most hydroxyacylcarnitines and monounsaturated acylcarnitines (ICC range: 0.11–0.45 and 0.00–0.63, respectively). For most of the metabolites a single measurement may be sufficient for risk assessment in epidemiologic studies with healthy subjects

An annotated bird checklist for Gam island, Raja Ampat, including field notes on species monitoring and conservation

Species checklists are a fundamental component of biodiversity research. They foster understanding of species distributions and habitat preferences, thus reducing gaps of knowledge in geographical occurrences of species. Especially in light of the limited availability of data on species distributions for Tanah Papua, an increasing scientific focus on the region is crucial to foster and refine the knowledge of species occurrences and to inform potential conservation planning. Despite a strong focus on conservation of Raja Ampat´s marine areas, surprisingly few studies have focused on the terrestrial biodiversity of the archipelago. As a consequence, detailed species checklists are largely missing. Here, we provide a preliminary bird species checklist for the island of Gam and its surrounding islands, located in the central Raja Ampat archipelago. During nine sampling periods between 2013 and 2019, we recorded 132 bird species in six distinct habitat types. Of the detected species, six are considered threatened by IUCN Red List criteria. We further recorded three new species for Gam Island, thereby expanding their known extent of occurrence

Discovery of Sexual Dimorphisms in Metabolic and Genetic Biomarkers

Metabolomic profiling and the integration of whole-genome genetic association data has proven to be a powerful tool to comprehensively explore gene regulatory networks and to investigate the effects of genetic variation at the molecular level. Serum metabolite concentrations allow a direct readout of biological processes, and association of specific metabolomic signatures with complex diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders has been shown. There are well-known correlations between sex and the incidence, prevalence, age of onset, symptoms, and severity of a disease, as well as the reaction to drugs. However, most of the studies published so far did not consider the role of sexual dimorphism and did not analyse their data stratified by gender. This study investigated sex-specific differences of serum metabolite concentrations and their underlying genetic determination. For discovery and replication we used more than 3,300 independent individuals from KORA F3 and F4 with metabolite measurements of 131 metabolites, including amino acids, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, acylcarnitines, and C6-sugars. A linear regression approach revealed significant concentration differences between males and females for 102 out of 131 metabolites (p-values<3.8 x 10(-4); Bonferroni-corrected threshold). Sex-specific genome-wide association studies (GWAS) showed genome-wide significant differences in beta-estimates for SNPs in the CPS1 locus (carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, significance level: p<3.8 x 10(-10); Bonferroni-corrected threshold) for glycine. We showed that the metabolite profiles of males and females are significantly different and, furthermore, that specific genetic variants in metabolism-related genes depict sexual dimorphism. Our study provides new important insights into sex-specific differences of cell regulatory processes and underscores that studies should consider sex-specific effects in design and interpretation

Subcellular distribution of thyroid hormone receptor beta in ovarian cancer

Background: Since the most well-known function of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) relies on their ability to act as ligand-activated transcription factors, their subcellular localization has been recognized to be relevant for their biological meaning. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and subcellular distribution of TR beta and TR beta-1 in ovarian cancer (OC). Methods: Tissue was collected from 153 patients that had undergone surgery due to OC at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich. Immunohistochemistry detecting TR beta and TR beta-1 was performed. Staining signals were quantified and tested for association with clinico-pathological parameters including overall survival (OS). Results: The subcellular distribution of TR beta and TR beta-1 differed among histologic subtypes, grade and FIGO stage. TR beta positivity was strongly linked to shortened overall survival (p < 0.001). Strikingly, this shortened OS was mainly attributed to those cases showing complete (p = 0.005) or incomplete shift of TR beta to the cytoplasm (p < 0.001). Significance was lost in multivariate testing. Conclusions: Cytoplasmatic localization of TR beta was associated with reduced OS, at least in univariate analysis. Since TRs have long been supposed to mainly function via the regulation of gene transcription in the nucleus, cytoplasmatic shifting might be interpreted as a regulator of their activity

Cytoplasmic versus nuclear THR alpha expression determines survival of ovarian cancer patients

PURPOSE Thyroid hormone receptors (THR) have manifold functions and are involved in the carcinogenesis of several tumor types. Within this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern (nuclear versus cytoplasmic) of the THR alpha and its impact on patients survival in ovarian cancer (OvCa). METHODS The presence of the thyroid hormone receptors THR\textgreeka, THR\textgreeka1 and -~2 was investigated in 156 ovarian cancer samples using immunohistochemistry (IHC) using semi-quantitative immunoreactivity (IR) scores and correlated with clinical, pathological data, subtype of ovarian cancer, clinical data, staining of 20 already described OvCa marker proteins and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Among all subtypes of OvCa, clear cell carcinomas showed the highest THR\textgreeka expression. Furthermore, nuclear THR\textgreeka was associated with a reduced survival in this subtype. However, nuclear expressed THR\textgreeka1 turned out to be a positive prognosticator for all subtypes of OvCa patients. Nuclear THR\textgreeka2 is a positive prognosticator for OvCa patients of the serous subtype. In contrast, cytoplasmic expression THR\textgreeka2 was associated with a reduced OS in all subtypes of OvCa patients; while, cytoplasmic expression of THR\textgreeka1 is associated with reduced OS in mucinous OvCa patients only. In addition, THR\textgreeka expression correlates with gonadotropin receptors, steroid hormone receptors, TA-MUC1 and glycodelin. CONCLUSION Depending on nuclear or cytoplasmic expression, our study shows that THR\textgreeka and its isoforms 1 and 2 provide different prognostic information for ovarian cancer patients. Further investigations should analyze if THRs may represent new endocrine targets for the treatment of ovarian cancer

Cytoplasmic VDR expression as an independent risk factor for ovarian cancer

The vitamin D receptor (VDR), primarily known as a crucial mediator of calcium homeostasis and metabolism, has been shown to play a significant role in various cancer entities. Previous studies have focused on vitamin D and its receptor in gynecological cancers, noting that the receptor is upregulated in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The aim of this study is to analyze the prognostic impact of VDR and its functional significance in ovarian cancer. Through immunohistochemistry, VDR staining was examined in 156 ovarian cancer samples. Evaluation of VDR staining was conducted in the nucleus and the cytoplasm using the semi-quantitative immunoreactive score, and the scores were classified into high- and low-level expressions. Expression levels were correlated with clinical and pathological parameters as well as with overall survival to assess for prognostic impact. Differences in cytoplasmic VDR expression were identified between the histological subtypes (p = 0.001). Serous, clear cell, and endometrioid subtypes showed the highest staining, while the mucinous subtype showed the lowest. Cytoplasmic VDR correlated with higher FIGO stage (p = 0.013; Cc = 0.203), positive lymph node status (p = 0.023; Cc = 0.236), high-grade serous histology (p = 0.000; Cc = 0.298) and grading from the distinct histological subtypes (p = 0.006; Cc = - 0.225). Nuclear VDR did not correlate with clinicopathological data. High cytoplasmic expression of VDR was associated with impaired overall survival (HR 2.218, 32.5~months vs. median not reached; p < 0.001) and was confirmed as a statistically independent prognostic factor in the Cox regression multivariate analysis. Additional knowledge of VDR as a biomarker and its interactions within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway could potentially improve the prognosis of therapeutic approaches for specific subgroups in EOC

Discovery of Sexual Dimorphisms in Metabolic and Genetic Biomarkers

Metabolomic profiling and the integration of whole-genome genetic association data has proven to be a powerful tool to comprehensively explore gene regulatory networks and to investigate the effects of genetic variation at the molecular level. Serum metabolite concentrations allow a direct readout of biological processes, and association of specific metabolomic signatures with complex diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders has been shown. There are well-known correlations between sex and the incidence, prevalence, age of onset, symptoms, and severity of a disease, as well as the reaction to drugs. However, most of the studies published so far did not consider the role of sexual dimorphism and did not analyse their data stratified by gender. This study investigated sex-specific differences of serum metabolite concentrations and their underlying genetic determination. For discovery and replication we used more than 3,300 independent individuals from KORA F3 and F4 with metabolite measurements of 131 metabolites, including amino acids, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, acylcarnitines, and C6-sugars. A linear regression approach revealed significant concentration differences between males and females for 102 out of 131 metabolites (p-values<3.8 x 10(-4); Bonferroni-corrected threshold). Sex-specific genome-wide association studies (GWAS) showed genome-wide significant differences in beta-estimates for SNPs in the CPS1 locus (carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, significance level: p<3.8 x 10(-10); Bonferroni-corrected threshold) for glycine. We showed that the metabolite profiles of males and females are significantly different and, furthermore, that specific genetic variants in metabolism-related genes depict sexual dimorphism. Our study provides new important insights into sex-specific differences of cell regulatory processes and underscores that studies should consider sex-specific effects in design and interpretation