The Justification of Urdu Letters with Similar Sounds and Diacritics

Urdu script is derived from the Arabic script but Urdu differs from Arabic in its nature and unlike Arabic some sounds are pronounced like each other. Due to that some experts object to Urdu script and suggest the removal of letters with similar sounds. But the removal of these letters can create many complexities and difficulties which cannot be resolved. These eight specific sounds of Urdu are common to Pakistani languages ​​such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, and other local languages. How is it possible to exclude these words from all these languages? These sounds are the valuable capital of world languages ​​like Persian and Arabic. With this collaboration, Urdu emerges as a great global and scientific language. By removing these letters, Urdu will suffer a great loss in terms of knowledge. There will be an encounter, which cannot be compensated. In short, this change is not feasible in context with Urdu historical background and present linguistic geographical condition. The Urdu script is non- diacritical in its nature and diacritics in Urdu are not arranged in the same way as in Arabic. However, it is necessary to organize the essential diacritics in the basic textbooks. This article argues and analyses the justification of Urdu letters with similar sounds and diacritics in detail

Symbolism in Khalida Hussain's Short Stories

Khalida Hussain is an eminent Urdu short story writer. She is an introvert in her short stories. Her short stories comprise multi-dimensional meanings. To attain this purpose, she writes in symbolic style mostly. This article attempts to analyze her short stories from the perspective of symbolism. Sometimes she uses concrete symbols and sometimes an abstract way of writing. Her symbols are neither so easy, nor so difficult to understand.  She chooses them from life, society, folklore, literary traditions, eastern culture, and myth. She uses these symbols to express her inner feelings, self-actualization, stream of consciousness, interior monologue, existentialism, psychological problems, and also matters related to society. These symbols vary from each other and demand deep intention to understand them

سماجی لسانیات: ایک تعارف

Due to the changes in the structure of languages and their sounds, enormous results have been achieved in the fields of social sciences, namely, anthropology, sociology, psychology, history and philosophy, and the branch of linguistics that deals with the relationship between language and society studies; It is called sociolinguistics. This branch of linguistics also deals with the language and linguistic mix of different sections of the society and discusses the determination of the official language and the ways of its development and survival

لسانیات اور تاریخ: توضیح و تعبیر

  Historical linguistics involves studying the evolutionary stages of a specific language or or languages belonging to a family in the light of historical periods to find out which linguistics changes and variations have occurred over time in the language under study. In comparative linguistics, historically related languages are compared, the original language is sought, from which different languages came into existence. It is the branch of linguistics in which two or more languages belonging to the same family are studied and compared to find out their similarities and differences. It should be noted that comparative linguistics covers different languages of the same family or different dialects of a language. When the need for a comparative study of languages of different families became clear, experts gave the name typology. In this type of study, groups are established based on common or contrasting features by taking the syntax of different languages. They were earlier called syntactic or grammatical groupings, now called typological groupings. Etymology explores the history of words. All these aspects are discussed in this article.