A Comparison of Four Types of Toothbrushes and Different Tooth Brushing Methods on Plaque Removal I. Examinations using second year dental hygiene students as subjects

To clarify the relationship between the type of brush and brushing methods, 30 students in Mastumoto Dental College, School of Dental Hygiene were requested to use 4 different types of brushes with 4 brushing methods during 4 two week periods. The following results were obtained: 1. Brushing methods: The scrub method had the best results in plaque control, followed by the Bass, modified Stillman and roll methods in that order. A significant difference was observed with these brushing methods (p<0.01). 2. Toothbrushes: Test brushes S and M got the best results, and H and the open-tufted brushes followed. Significant differences were observed with these brushes (p<0.01). 3. Interaction between brushing methods and brushes: Plaque control effectiveness tended to differ with brushing method between the facial and proximo facial surfaces, a. Facial surfaces: Test brush H showed a higher plaque control effectiveness with the scrub and Bass methods than that of test brushes M and S. Test brush M was the most effective for plaque control using the roll and modified Stillman methods. b. Proximofacial surfaces: Test brush S was the most effective with the Bass method and M was more effective with the other methods

A Comparison of Four Types of Toothbrushes and Different Tooth Brushing Methods on Plaque Removal II. Examinations using first year dental hygiene students as subjects

In a continuation of the first report, the authors hoped to clarify the relationship between toothbrush specifications and various brushing methods. For this purpose, we compared the effectiveness of plaque removal for 4 different types of brushes with 4 different brushing methods. The first year students of Matsumoto Dental College, School of Dental Hygiene, were selected as subjects. The results were as follows: 1. Brushing methods: No significant difference was observed with the roll, Bass, or modified Stillman methods when all surfaces were grouped together. Also, no significant difference was observed on the facial surfaces with the different methods. However, the Bass and roll methods tended to be slightly better. The results of this study did not correlate with the previous study or with the reports from Arai and Watanabe. The subjects\u27 skill and control at the time of evaluation were taken into consideration. 2. Test brushed: Test brush S was the most effective when all surfaces were grouped together and test brush M was the least effective. This tendency was observed on both the facial and the proximo facial surfaces. 3. Interaction between test brushes and the amount of plaque prior to testing: It was observed that subjects who were divided into the "small" group prior to testing kept the amount of plaque at the same low level after testing. By comparing the results with the previous report, the authors concluded that there was more advancement in the skill of the second year students than the first year students

A Study on the Physical Sensations of Four Kinds of Trial Toothbrushes and Four Different Toothbrushing Methods

Using 65 students of the hygiene school attached to Matsumoto Dental College (35 first-year students, 30 second-year students) as subjects, we performed an investigation into the different physical sensations produced when using 4 trial toothbrushes and 4 different toothbrushing methods. The conclusions are as follows: 1. "Length of brush": There was a tendency to reply that the length of brush seemed slightly shorter when the students brushed with the Roll method, rather than the other three methods. 2. "Stiffness of filaments": There was a tendency to reply that the bristle was much harder when the students brushed with methods from Group B (Methods that primarily use the tip of the bristle) than with methods from Group A (Methods which use the side of the bristle). 3. "Tooth brush wear": A large percentage of students replied that the bristle was more durable when using methods from Group B rather than Group A. 4. "Physical sensation on tooth and gingiva": Brush M and the Open-tufted brush, both classified as "medium" stiffness, were preferred. 5. "Physical sensation of holding the handle": 80-90% of the students, regardless of the toothbrushing method employed, liked the handles of the brushes

Fibronectin glomerulopathy complicated with persistent cloaca and congenital esophageal atresia: a case report and literature review

Abstract Background Fibronectin glomerulopathy is a rare, inherited, autosomal dominant, glomerular disease characterized by proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, hypertension, massive glomerular deposits of fibronectin, and slow progression to end-stage renal failure. Because the incident of fibronectin glomerulopathy is extremely low, the pathophysiology, genetic abnormalities, epidemiology, and mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Case presentation We report a 21-year-old woman with fibronectin glomerulopathy, who had been diagnosed with persistent cloaca and congenital esophageal atresia at birth. She developed proteinuria and hematuria 7 months before admission. Urinary protein and serum creatinine levels were 3.38 g/gCr and 0.73 mg/dL. Renal biopsy showed severe mesangial widening due to massive deposits, which was positive periodic acid-Schiff and negative methenamine silver. Immunostaining was negative for immunoglobulin but positive for fibronectin. Electron microscopy showed diffuse mesangial granular deposits. Thus she was diagnosed with fibronectin glomerulopathy, despite a negative family history of kidney disease and lack of any known missense mutations of fibronectin 1 gene. Conclusion We report a patient who developed fibronectin glomerulopathy during the clinical course of extremely rare congenital malformations, including persistent cloaca and congenital esophageal atresia. We describe a case of this condition in detail and summarize the 75 case reports of fibronectin glomerulopathy

Corticosteroids pulse therapy and oral corticosteroids therapy for IgA nephropathy patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: results of a multicenter, large-scale, long-term observational cohort study

Abstract Background Corticosteroids are widely used to reduce the urine protein levels of patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). However, their potential preventive effects on end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are unclear. Methods We previously performed a large-scale, long-term multicenter cohort study of patients with biopsy-proven IgAN treated between 1981 and 2013 (n = 1923). Based on the results, we reported that corticosteroids pulse therapy was potentially effective for the treatment of patients with an eGFR ≥30 ml/min/1.73m2 and a urine protein amount of ≥1 g/gCr. In the present study, we extracted 766 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), stage G3–G4 (15 ≤ estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 60 mL/min/1.73m2) from the same cohort. We divided these patients into a steroid pulse (SP) group, oral steroid (OS) group, and no steroid (NS) group, and analyzed the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) stratified by eGFR and urine protein (UP) amounts. Results Over the median long-term follow-up of 70 ± 115 months, 37.1% of the patients with UP ≥1.0 g/day and 11.2% of the patients with UP < 1.0 g/day reached ESKD. Among the patients with UP ≥1 g/gCr, the SP group showed significantly better renal outcome (p < 0.001) than the OS and NS groups. In patients with UP < 1 g/gCr, there were no differences in renal survival among the treatment groups. These trends appeared even in the CKD stage G4 patients, and were also apparent in patients taking renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. The unprecedented long-term observation period in this study may have been necessary to reveal the favorable effect of corticosteroids on ESKD progression. Conclusions In our long-term multicenter study, Corticosteroids pulse therapy was associated with better renal outcomes in IgAN patients with higher UP values, even if their eGFR values were low

Cyst infection in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: penetration of meropenem into infected cysts

Abstract Background Cyst infection is a common and serious complication of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) that is often refractory. Carbapenems are frequently needed to treat to patients with refractory cyst infection, but little is known about the penetration of newer water-soluble carbapenems into cysts. This study investigated the penetration of meropenem (MEPM) into infected cysts in patients with ADPKD. Methods Between August 2013 and January 2014, 10 ADPKD patients (14 infected cysts) receiving MEPM at Toranomon Hospital underwent drainage of infected cysts and definite cyst infection was confirmed through detection of neutrophils by cyst fluid analysis. The serum concentration of MEPM was measured just after intravenous administration and was compared with that in fluid aspirated from infected cysts. Results In the patients undergoing cyst drainage, the mean serum MEPM concentration was 35.2 ± 12.2 μg/mL (range: 19.7 to 59.2 μg/mL, while the mean cyst fluid concentration of MEPM in the drained liver cysts (n = 12) or kidney cysts (n = 2) was 3.03 ± 2.6 μg/mL (range: 0 to 7.3 μg/mL). In addition, the mean cyst fluid/serum MEPM concentration ratio was 9.46 ± 7.19% (range: 0 to 18.8%). There was no relationship between the cyst fluid concentration of MEPM and the time until drainage after MEPM administration or between the cyst fluid/serum MEPM concentration ratio and the time until drainage. Conclusion These findings suggest that MEPM shows poor penetration into infected cysts in ADPKD patients. Trial registration This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) as “Penetration of meropenem into cysts in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)”, UMIN ID 000011292 on July 26th, 2013