Theoretical study on the ionization of aniline in aqueous solutions

The ionization and excitation processes of aniline in aqueous solutions are investigated by the method of RISM-SCF-SEDD (reference interaction site model self-consistent field with the spatial electron density distribution). Four different models are employed to characterize the response of the solvation upon the ionization and excitation. A simple treatment for estimation of the spectral width is also proposed

Flexible Privatization Policy in Free-Entry Markets

We investigate a mixed oligopoly in a free-entry market in the presence of shadow cost of public funding. The government chooses the degree of privatization before the entry of private firms and then adjusts the degree of privatization after the entry. We show that a pre-entry privatization policy may serve as a commitment device if the foreign ownership share of private firms is moderate, and substitutes the ideal privatization policy with complete commitment if the equilibrium pre-entry privatization policy is partial privatization

Free Entry under Common Ownership

This study investigates the equilibrium and welfare properties of free entry under common ownership. We formulate a model in which incumbents under common ownership choose whether to enter a new market. We find that an increase in common ownership reduces entries, which may or may not improve welfare. Welfare has an inverted-U shaped relationship with the degree of common ownership. However, if firms do not have common ownership before the entry, after entry common ownership harms welfare

Dynamic privatization policy

This study formulates a two-period model in which the government privatizes a state-owned public firm over multiple periods. We introduce the shadow cost of public funding (i.e., the excess burden of taxation). The government is concerned about both the total surplus and the revenue obtained from the privatization of the public firm. We find that the government may or may not increase the degree of privatization over time depending on the competitiveness of the product market and nationality of private competitors. The government increases the degree of privatization over time if the product market is competitive and the foreign ownership share in private firms is low. Although it adjusts its privatization policy over time, this harms welfare. In addition, this distortion in the ex-post incentive leads to too low a degree of privatization in the first period

Dynamic privatization policy

This study formulates a two-period model in which the government privatizes a state-owned public firm over multiple periods. We introduce the shadow cost of public funding (i.e., the excess burden of taxation). The government is concerned about both the total surplus and the revenue obtained from the privatization of the public firm. We find that the government may or may not increase the degree of privatization over time depending on the competitiveness of the product market and nationality of private competitors. The government increases the degree of privatization over time if the product market is competitive and the foreign ownership share in private firms is low. Although it adjusts its privatization policy over time, this harms welfare. In addition, this distortion in the ex-post incentive leads to too low a degree of privatization in the first period

Shadow Cost of Public Funds and Privatization Policies

We investigate the optimal privatization policy in mixed oligopolies with shadow cost of public funds (excess burden of taxation). The government is concerned with both the total social surplus and the revenue obtained by the privatization of a public firm. We find that the relationship between the shadow cost of public funds and the optimal privatization policy is non-monotone. When the cost is moderate, then higher the cost is, the lower is the optimal degree of privatization. However, this does not hold when the cost is high. A further increase of the cost might drastically increase the optimal degree of privatization

Kinetic model for noncatalytic supercritical water gasification of cellulose and lignin

This article reports the first kinetics model for Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) that describes the formation and interconversion of individual gaseous species. The model comprises 11 reactions, and it uses a lumping scheme to handle the large number of intermediate compounds. We determined numerical values for the rate constants in the model by fitting it to experimental data previously reported for SCWG of cellulose and lignin. We validated the model by showing that it accurately predicts gas yields at biomass loadings and water densities not used in the parameter estimation. Sensitivity analysis and reaction rate analysis indicate that steam-reforming and water–gas shift are the main sources of H 2 in SCWG, and intermediate species are the main sources of CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 . © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77986/1/12165_ftp.pd