Simultaneous Estimation of Berberine and Quercetin in Pathydi Kada Formulation by Hptlc

A sensitive, selective and precise thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the analysis of Berberine and Quercetin in Pathydi Kada laboratory prepared and Market formulation. Separation and quantification were achieved by TLC using mobile phase of Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Glacial acetic acid (6: 4: 0.5) v/v/v (Rf 0.2 & 0.84 for Berberine and Quercetin respectively) on precoated silica gel 60F254 aluminum plates and determination was carried out at 254 and 366 nm for berberine and quercetin respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 4-12 μg spot-1. The method was validated for precision, repeatability and accuracy. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate for the quantification of Berberine and Quercetin. This is the first TLC report for the simultaneous estimation of Berberine and Quercetin in Pathydi Kada formulation and may be useful for the routine quality control

Examining the Social Determinants of Health in Urban Communities: A Comparative Analysis

This comparative analysis investigates the social determinants of health (SDOH) in urban communities, aiming to discern disparities and inform targeted interventions and policies. With a focus on three key determinants socioeconomic status, housing and neighborhoods, and access to healthcare the study examines selected urban communities to illuminate the intricacies of health disparities within these contexts. The paper commences with an exploration of the background and significance of SDOH, emphasizing the crucial role they play in shaping health outcomes. The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of SDOH, offering insights into historical perspectives and unique challenges faced by urban communities.The methodology section outlines the criteria for selecting urban communities, the sources of data, and the ethical considerations guiding the research. A comparative framework is established, incorporating metrics such as income disparities, educational attainment, housing quality, neighborhood environments, and access to healthcare facilities. The analysis of these determinants reveals patterns, trends, and significant disparities among the selected urban communities, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of health inequalities.The findings section summarizes the key results, emphasizing the implications for public health. Policy recommendations and targeted interventions are discussed, emphasizing the importance of addressing SDOH to enhance overall community well-being. This comparative analysis underscores the imperative of considering SDOH in urban contexts and provides a foundation for future research and action. By delving into the intricacies of health disparities, this study contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on public health, urging a comprehensive and nuanced approach to address the root causes of health inequities in urban communities

Phytochemical screening and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis on Ischaemumpilosum (Kleinex Willd.)

Ischaemumpilosum (Kleinex Willd.) a weed among the grass is reported for ethno-medicinal practices for treatment of various treatments for human and domestic animals. The current work deals with phytochemical analysis in different parts of plants to find out bioactive compounds. The first-time reported results onI. pilosumreveal the significant phytochemicals by using preliminary phytochemical analysis, UV Visible spectral technique, FTIR analysis and GC-MS analysis. The preliminary phytochemical test confirms the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannin and triterpenes in Ischaemumpilosum.UV Visible spectra and FTIR gives the ranges of absorptions and functional group like Carboxylic acids (O-H) at 2956,92 cm-1, Alkanes (O-H) at 2849,89 cm-1, Aldehydes (C=O) at 1735,92 cm-1, Aromatic Rings (C=C) at 1462,95 cm-1, Alkanes (C-H) at 1377,97 cm-1, Esters (C-O) 1166,95 cm-1and Phenyl Ring (C-H) 758,97 cm-1. The GC-MS analysis related twenty-one compounds like Phenol, 4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl), Pentanoic acid, 5-hydroxy, 2,4-di-t-butylphenyl esters, E-15-Heptadecenal, 1-Hexadecanol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, l (+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, Palmitic anhydride, Cycloeicosane, Cis-13-Octadecenoic acid and Triacontane from Ischaemumpilosumleaves extract

Health Policy Implementation in Developing Nations: Challenges and Solutions

Putting health plans into action in poor countries is hard for many reasons, which makes it harder to provide good healthcare to the people who live there. Policies are often hard to put into action because of a lack of money, facilities, and skilled healthcare workers. Also, government uncertainty and corruption can make health projects less effective than they were meant to be.  One major obstacle is the insufficient funding allocated to health programs, leading to inadequate facilities and a shortage of essential medical supplies. This financial constraint exacerbates the difficulty of attracting and retaining qualified healthcare professionals, perpetuating a cycle of suboptimal healthcare delivery.Infrastructure deficiencies, including poor road networks and limited access to remote areas, further compound implementation challenges. These obstacles impede the timely and equitable distribution of healthcare services, disproportionately affecting rural and marginalized communities.Political instability and corruption introduce an additional layer of complexity, compromising the integrity of health policy implementation. Unstable political environments often result in inconsistent policy frameworks, hindering long-term planning and sustainable healthcare improvements. Corruption erodes trust in the healthcare system, discouraging public participation and impeding the successful execution of health policies.To address these challenges, a multi-faceted approach is essential. Increased international collaboration and financial assistance can alleviate resource constraints, while targeted capacity-building initiatives can bolster the healthcare workforce. Improved infrastructure development, especially in rural areas, is crucial for ensuring widespread access to healthcare services. Additionally, fostering political stability and implementing anti-corruption measures are vital steps toward creating an enabling environment for successful health policy implementation in developing nations

Association of genetic polymorphisms in XRCC4, XRCC5, XRCC6 and XRCC7 in cervical cancer susceptibility from rural population: a hospital based case-control study

Background: Cervical cancer is a major concern of health risk, moreover the leading cause of cancer causing deaths in women of rural India. This study was aimed to assess the risk of cervical cancer development in association with polymorphisms in XRCC4, XRCC5, XRCC6 and XRCC7 genes in rural population of south-western Maharashtra.Methods: This study included 350 cervical cancer proven cases and 400 age and sex matched controls. We used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to analyze the association XRCC4, XRCC6 and XRCC7 gene polymorphisms with cervical cancer development in women of Western Maharashtra.Results: The result from our study showed that allele frequencies of selected genes were not statistically different between the groups for XRCC4, XRCC5 and XRCC6. 6721 >T allele of XRCC7 (6721G>T) (OR= 2.34; 95% CI= (2.34 (1.60-3.43); p= <0.0001) significantly increased the risk of cervical cancer.Conclusions: This study indicates that XRCC7 gene polymorphisms play a role in modifying genetic susceptibility of individuals towards cervical cancer among women from rural Maharashtra. This case-control study also revealed negative association of XRCC6 gene in cervical carcinogenesis in the rural Indian population

Assessment of role of genetic polymorphisms in XRCC1, XRCC2 and XRCC3 genes in cervical cancer susceptibility from a rural population: a hospital based case-control study from Maharashtra, India

Background: Cervical cancer is a major concern of health risk, moreover the leading cause of cancer causing deaths in women of rural parts of India. This study was aimed to assess the risk of cervical cancer development in association with polymorphisms in X-Ray Cross Complementing Group (XRCC1, XRCC2 and XRCC3) genes in the rural population of south-western Maharashtra. We focused to determine the frequency of polymorphisms in DNA repair genes including XRCC1 at codon (cd) 194, cd 280, cd 399, XRCC2 at cd 188 and XRCC3 at cd 241 and their plausible role in cervical cancer risk from rural parts of India.Methods: This study included 350 proven cases with cervical cancer and 400 age and sex matched controls. We used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to analyze the association XRCC1, XRCC2 and XRCC3 gene polymorphisms with cervical cancer development in women of South-Western Maharashtra.Results: The result from our study showed that allele frequencies of selected genes were not statistically different between the groups for XRCC1 Trp194, XRCC2 His188 and XRCC3 Met241. XRCC1 His280 (OR= 4.36; 95% CI= (3.20-5.95); p= <0.0001) and XRCC1 Gln399 (OR= 2.99; 95% CI= (1.60-5.56); p= <0.0001) genotypes significantly increased the risk of cervical cancer.Conclusions: This study indicates that polymorphisms in cd 280 of exon 9 and cd 399 of exon 10 of XRCC1 gene could play a role in modifying genetic susceptibility of individuals towards cervical cancer among women from rural Maharashtra. This case-control study suggest that selected DNA repair genes represent genetic determinants in cervical carcinogenesis along with other risk factors in the rural Indian population

Public transport: a large scale fomite of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Background: The role of public transport as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci was determined.Methods: 200 swabs were collected from 50 public buses (urban and rural) circulating in Davangere, Karnataka. Swabs collected were inoculated on Blood agar, Mannitol salt agar and MacConkey agar plates. After incubation for 24-48 hours, plates were examined for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Anti-microbial susceptibility test was performed using oxacillin 1ug disc to detect methicillin resistance as per CSLI guidelines.Results: Out of 40 Staphylococcus aureus isolated 35 isolates were resistant to more than two classes of antibiotics, hence multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Out of 35 MDR isolates, 18 were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin. Minimum inhibitory concentration test revealed that out of 35 MDR isolates, 18 isolates had MIC value of ≥ 4µg/ml.Conclusions: The recovery methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from public transport system implies a potential risk for transmission of these bacteria in community

Identification of genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair xenoderma pigmentosum group D gene and its association with head and neck cancer susceptibility in rural Indian population: a hospital based case-control study from south-western Maharashtra, India

Background: Smoking and alcohol related head and neck cancer is a major concern of health risk in developing countries, such as India. In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of polymorphisms in DNA repair gene, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD) at codon (cd) 156, cd199, cd320, cd751 in patients of oral cancer from South-Western Maharashtra, India and to evaluate their association with oral cancer development.Methods: We used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to analyze XPD gene polymorphisms in 320 patients with oral cancer and in 400 age and sex matched disease-free controls.Results: There was no significant difference in the genotype distribution between oral cancer patients and controls for each polymorphism (p>0.05) except XPD199. The result from our study showed that allele frequencies of selected genes were not statistically different between the groups for XPD Arg156, XPD Asn320, XPD Gln751. XPDMet199 (OR=29.44; 95% CI= (18.47-46.92); p≤0.0001) genotypes significantly increased the risk of head and neck cancer.Conclusions: This study indicates that polymorphisms in cd199 of XPD gene could play a role in modifying genetic susceptibility of individual to head and neck cancer inMaharashtra patients. Thus, the case-control study suggest that selected DNA repair genes represent genetic determinants in oral carcinogenesis along with other risk factors in the rural Indian population.

Rickettsial neglected zoonoses: prevalence of scrub typhus at central Karnataka

Background: Fever of unknown Origin (FUO) has many multiple causes such as enteric fever, malaria, dengue, tuberculosis, brucellosis. But scrub typhus is less known cause in Indian scenario. The present study reports the prevalence of scrub typhus at central Karnataka and compares the sensitivity and specificity of Weil-Felix test and the IgM ELISA in the detection of infection.Methods: 368 serum samples of FUO cases were collected. Weil-Felix test was performed and also analyzed for IgM antibodies to Orienta tsutsugamushi by IgM ELISA test along with haematological and biochemical investigations.Results: Out of 368 patients of fever of unknown origin, 94 cases were positive by OXK antigens by Weil Felix test and 61 were positive by ELISA test for ST IgM antibodies. Fever was the most common clinical presentation occurring in ST IgM ELISA positive cases, followed by myalgia in 90.1% cases, headache in 77%, hepatomegaly in 65.5%, splenomegaly in 62.2% and rashes were seen in 29.5% patients. Eschar was seen in 13.1% patients, pneumonia in 3.2% and meningo-encephalitis in 1.6%. Sensitivity and specificity of WFT in relation to IgM ELISA at a titre of 160 was 81.97% and 85.67% respectively.Conclusions: With the growing number of cases detected in India, scrub typhus is fast emerging as a public health threat and also due to limited diagnostics leading to underreporting, Weil Felix test could be used in adjunct with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and blood parameters in the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases

Association of Genetic Variants in XPC and XPG Genes with Cervical Cancer Risk in a Rural Population: A Hospital Based Case Control Study

Background: Cervical cancer is a major concern of health risk in urban and rural parts of India.. Aim and Objectives: This study was aimed to find out frequency of polymorphisms in DNA repair genes including Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) and Xenoderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) in patients of cervical cancer from Maharashtra and to evaluate their association with risk of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: We used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to examine gene polymorphisms in 350 patients with cancer of cervix and 400 age and sex matched normal controls. Results: The results obtained indicated that there was no significant difference in the genotype distribution between cervical cancer patients and controls for XPC Lys939Gln, -371promoter and XPG His 1104 Asp. The result showed that genotype frequencies of XPC Val 499 Arg of codon 499 in exon 15 (OR=4.26; 95% CI=(3.007-6.03); p= <0.0001) were increased significantly. Conclusion: This study indicates that polymorphisms in Val499Arg haplotype of XPC gene appear to influence genetic susceptibility of individual to cervical cancer in Maharashtrian patients