An unusual termination of facial vein and anterior division of retromandibular vein into external jugular vein: a case report.

Facial vein, being the largest vein of the face forms the common facial vein after joining with the anterior division of retromandibular vein below the angle of the mandible. Usually, it drains into the internal jugular vein. During routine dissection of head and neck region of a male cadaver, aged approximately 50 years, an unusual pattern in the termination of veins on the left side of the neck was observed. The formation, course and termination of external jugular vein were normal. The anterior division of retromandibular vein joined with external jugular vein about 5 cm above the clavicle and the facial vein opened into the external jugular vein about 2.5 cm above the clavicle. In addition, there was a thin venous communication between anterior division of retromandibular vein and external jugular vein. The superficial veins of the neck are often used for cannulation; either for intravenous infusion or for central venous pressure monitoring. Furthermore, these venous segments are used as a patch for carotid endarterectomies. Hence, a thorough knowledge of the normal anatomy and their variations may be useful for performing these procedures

Abnormal muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm: a case report

During routine dissection for the undergraduate medical students, we encountered an unusual, additional muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm. This muscle took origin from the anterior surface of the radius in common with the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. It had a tendon of origin and a tendon of insertion. Its fleshy radial belly and the tendon of insertion, crossed superficial to the median nerve. The muscle was inserted partly to the flexor retinaculum and partly to the undersurface of palmar aponeurosis. The observations made by us in the present case will supplement our knowledge of variations of the muscles in this region which could be useful for hand surgeons as it could possibly compress the median nerve because of its close relationship to it

Triple falx cerebelli associated with two aberrant venous sinuses in the floor of posterior cranial fossa

During regular dissection classes, authors came across tripled falx cerebelli in a male cadaver. The main (middle) falx cerebelli was large and was attached to the internal occipital crest. It contained the occipital sinus. There were two smaller folds (right and left), one on either side of the falx cerebelli. There were two aberrant venous sinuses; each one connecting the ipsilateral sigmoid and transverse sinuses with each other. The complex dural-venous variation reported here is seldom reported in the literature. Knowledge of such variation is important for neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists as these aberrant folds could cause haemorrhage during suboccipital approaches or may lead to erroneous interpretation during imaging of the posterior cranial fossa

Inverted Calot’s Triangle and Associated Vascular Variations

This report describes the concurrent vascular and ductal variations of the hepatobiliary system. The right hepatic artery arose directly from the common hepatic artery, passed through the Calot’s triangle and entered the right lobe of the liver through the gall bladder fossa. The left hepatic artery arose from a common gastrohepatic trunk and entered the left lobe of the liver through fissure for ligamentum venosum. It gave two esophageal branches before entering the liver. The cystic duct was broad, straight and opened on the left side of the common hepatic duct, thus giving a mirror image appearance to the Calot’s triangle. This report is likely to be the first on such combined variations at the vicinity of the liver

Surgically Important Giant Obturator Artery, its Variant Distribution and Other Associated Vascular Variations in a Male Pelvis

Knowledge of variations of obturator artery is of importance during many surgical procedures of the pelvis both in male and females. Here, an extremely rare variation of obturator artery and other associated vascular variations of the pelvis are presented. These variations were noted in the right pelvic half of an adult male cadaver. The obturator artery was huge and is divided into two divisions. The lateral division accompanied the obturator nerve and vein and entered the medial compartment of the thigh by passing through the obturator foramen. The medial division gave two vesical branches, which divided and formed a tuft of arteries near the lateral side of the neck of the bladder. It also gave a slender branch, which entered the obturator foramen along with the main obturator neurovascular bundle. The medial division gave a prostatic and a penile branch. The penile branch entered the crus of the penis as the deep artery of the penis. Further the inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries arose through a common trunk, which divided into terminal branches in the gluteal region, below the piriformis muscle