On the omniscience of the Buddha and aśeṣajñāna as discussed in the final chapter of the Tattvasaṃgrahapañjikā

The final chapter of the Tattvasaṃgrahapañjikā (TSP) contains a lengthy discussion on omniscience. In this paper, I will first review the relationship between the idea that the Buddha is a pramāṇa, as presented in the Pramāṇavārttika, and the view of the omniscient one in the TSP. I will then examine the concept of “remainderless” (aśeṣa) discussed in Devendrabuddhi’s Pramāṇavārttikapañjikā (PVP) and in Jinendrabuddhi’s Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā (PSṬ) to show that the understanding of aśeṣa in the PVP and the PSṬ is related to Kamalaśīla’s understanding of the omniscient one. Finally, I will propose that the concept of aśeṣajñāna can serve as key to considering Dharmakīrtian’s understanding of the omniscient one

Heat Transfer on the Surface of Parallel Plates in the Starting Range

This research was carried out to make clear the surface heat transfer in the starting range of parallel plates. The laminar heat transfer in the range was theoretically analysed and compared with the experimental results, and the turbulent heat transfer was made clear by various experiments. In the theoretical analysis, the distributions of both velocity and temperature were approximated by the biquadratic equations and the solutions were obtained taking into consideration the fact that the velocity of the main stream accelerates as the boundary layer from the walls grow. Regarding the velocity boundary layer, the results of this solution agree well with that of the Schlichting's exact analysis. Moreover, the theoretical result of the laminar heat transfer agrees also with the experimental results. The experiments were carried out in the passage of parallel plates having flat front edges, and the influences of velocity and the breadth of passage on the length of the starting range and heat transfer were made clear. As the result, it is found that the heat transfer in this case is considerably close to that of the case of a single plate, especially in the range of turbulent boundary layer

Legacies of Hani Susumu’s Documentary School

This article seeks to cast light on some of Hani Susumu’s theoretical and practical contributions to post-war Japanese documentaries. The article will also show how he created a documentary school at Iwanami Eiga based on authors’ closeness to the filmed object. This is crucial in order to understand the tendencies that developed in non-fiction films from the late 1950s. Hani’s influence can be seen in the leaders of militant cinema, Tsuchimoto Noriaki and Ogawa Shinsuke, who were trained at Iwanami Eiga. However, some of his theoretical writings, together with his documentary films Hōryūji (1958) and Gunka Ken 2 (1962), reveal how his singular subjective realism is applied to unusual shooting objects, landscapes. This article assesses this lesser-known aspect of Hani’s work and its links to certain developments in Japanese documentary films led by other filmmakers, such as Teshigahara Hiroshi and Adachi Masao, which have not yet been addressed

Heat Transfer on the Surface of a Flat Plate in the Forced Flow

It is an important problem in the field of the heat exchange to make clear the surface heat transfer. Many studies have been performed regarding this problem. However, because heat transfer is influenced by numerous factors, there are many things remaining unknown. This research was carried out to make clear the effects of some of these factors on heat transfer on the surface of a flat plate in the forced flow. Especially, we wish to know the effects of the surface roughness systematically. As the first step, we experimented with the smooth flat plate which was heated or cooled while measurement was carried on. And by comparing the results with theoretical analyses, we found that our experimental method was reliable. As the next step, we experimented with the roughened plate and made clear the effects of surface roughness. The results of this experiment are : in a range of larger numbers than a certain Reynolds' number, there is formed a special turblent boundary layer which is influenced by the surface roughness, and in this range, the local heat transfer coefficient is independent of the po3ition, and its value becomes the largest when the ratio of the height to pitch of the surface roughness is 0.055

Patent Protection of Medical Records—Focusing on Ethical Issues

The following is a translation of “Patent Protection of Medical Methods—Focusing on Ethical Issues,” an article written by Professor Yūsuke Satō in the June 2007 issue of the Japanese periodical Annual of Industrial Property Law. In Japan, despite the lack of an explicit statutory prohibition, methods of medical treatment have never been patentable. The Japan Patent Office (“JPO”) has rejected patenting medical processes on ethical grounds, interpreting that they do not fulfill the statutory requirement of “industrial applicability” in the main sentence of Article 29, Section 1 of the Patent Act, and courts have been confirming this practice. In light of recent developments in biotechnology, this prohibition is now in question. Reforms are being discussed from the perspective that Japan’s patent system should encourage the development of new medical technology. In this article, Professor Satō examines the underlying ethical reasons for excluding medical methods from patent protection and discusses whether they are appropriate. He compares the treatment of medical methods under the Japanese patent system to that of the European Patent Convention (“EPC”), where Article 52, Section 4 explicitly provides that medical processes do not have “industrial applicability.” He also compares the same to the United States Patent Act (“U.S. Patent Act”), 35 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. where, while medical processes are patentable, Section 287(c) immunizes medical practitioners from liability from medical process patent infringements. After reviewing a wide range of theories, Professor Satō argues that the ethical issues surrounding Japan’s patent system should be viewed from the standpoint of whether the patent system could be socially justified and whether it would lead to industrial development. To do so, the elements of “industry,” as well as limitations of patent rights enforcement, should be kept in mind when considering patentability requirements

The University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy

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