The influence of demographics and household specific price indices on expenditure based inequality and welfare : a comparison of Spain and the United States.

Previous research has suggested that inequality is lower in Spain than in the United States when it is based on income. For the present article, both inequality and social welfare are examined, with household consumption expenditures used as a proxy for household welfare. For tractability, equivalence scales depended only on the number of people in the household. Household-specific price indices were used to express the 1990–1991 expenditure distributions in 1981 and 1991 winter prices. Our results reveal that inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. When all households are considered, the two-country comparison suggests that the income inequality ranking can only be maintained for expenditure distributions when economies of scale are small or nonexistent. However, welfare is always higher in the United States than in Spain. Because inflation during the 1980s in both countries was essentially distributionally neutral, all results appear to be robust to the choice of time period.

The influence of demographic and household specific price indices on expenditure based inequality and welfare: A comparison of Spain and the united states.

The purpose of this research is to examine the role of household size and household specific price indices on inequality and welfare measurement in Spain and the O.S. Total household expenditures from each countries' 1990-91 consumer expenditure surveys, with adjustments to reflect more accurately households' current consumption, are used as the basis for the analysis. Household size scale factors are used to produce adjusted expenditures. Household specific price indices are used to expresss the 1990-91 expenditure distribution at winter of 1981 and winter of 1991 prices. Decomposable measurement instruments are used both for the inequality and social welfare analyses. Our results show that wide differences in household size can be very important in international comparisons. Inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. For both countries we find that from the point of view of winter 1981, the amount of expenditures that we would need to give to richer households to compensate them for inflation, over the 1981 to 1991 period, would be greater than the amount that we would need to give to poorer households for them to be able to acquire the same bundle of goods. Our inequality comparisons are robust to the choice of the reference price vector.Theil inequality; Wealfare; Demographic factors; household expenditures; Household price indexes;

Outplacement. Una aproximación a su realidad teórica.

Sin resume

Distributive implications of member level income aggregation within the household : an approximation through mobility indices.

This paper adapts the ethical index of income mobility first suggested by Chakravarty, Dutta and Weymark (1985) to assess the contribution of wives, husbands, and other adults' member level income to husband-wife households' income mobility according to two of the criteria discussed in the literature. For any partition of the population, a source's contribution is seen to be decomposable into within-group and between-group income mobility indices plus a term capturing sub-group differences in income shares. The approach is applied to a sample of husband-wife households where both spouses are present, extracted from the 1990–91 Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, the Spanish household budget survey. While the husbands' income contribution is large and positive, the contribution of wives and other adults is practically equal to zero. When mean income differences are eliminated, all member contributions to husband-wife households' income mobility are substantially reducedIncome inequality; Mobility; Welfare;

Desigualdad y bienestar en España en términos reales

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución del nivel de vida en España en términos reales a través de las EPF (Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares) realizadas por el INE en 1973-74, 1980-81 y 1990-91. Los importantes cambios políticos y las transformaciones socioeconómicas acaecidos durante estos casi veinte años que van desde el comienzo de la democracia hasta 1991, justifican el estudio en profundidad de los cambios en el bienestar económico(1). El crecimiento del consumo privado per capita para el período en su conjunto estuvo en torno al 40 por ciento, o el 2 por ciento anual según los datos de la Contabilidad Nacional. Dicho crecimiento no fue homogéneo durante todo el período. Tras las crisis del petróleo de 1973 y 1981, la economía española se recupera a partir de mediados de la década de los 80, alcanzando en algunos años tasas de crecimiento del consumo privado superiores al 5 por ciento. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista social éste es un indicador demasiado simple de lo ocurrido con el nivel de vida en España; estamos interesados en indicadores que combinen consideraciones de eficiencia, reflejadas a través de la media de la distribución, con consideraciones de equidad recogidas por medio de algún índice de desigualdad.

The influence of demographics and household specific price indices on expenditure based inequality and welfare : a comparison of Spain and the United States

Previous research has suggested that inequality is lower in Spain than in the United States when it is based on income. For the present article, both inequality and social welfare are examined, with household consumption expenditures used as a proxy for household welfare. For tractability, equivalence scales depended only on the number of people in the household. Household-specific price indices were used to express the 1990–1991 expenditure distributions in 1981 and 1991 winter prices. Our results reveal that inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. When all households are considered, the two-country comparison suggests that the income inequality ranking can only be maintained for expenditure distributions when economies of scale are small or nonexistent. However, welfare is always higher in the United States than in Spain. Because inflation during the 1980s in both countries was essentially distributionally neutral, all results appear to be robust to the choice of time period.The U.S. part of this project was in part supported by the ASA/NSF/BLS Research Fellow Program in which Javier Ruiz-Castillo participated as an ASA/NSF/BLS Research Fellow at BLS in 1996Publicad

The influence of demographic and household specific price indices on expenditure based inequality and welfare: a comparison of Spain and the United States

The purpose of this research is to examine the role of household size and household specific price indices on inequality and welfare measurement in Spain and the O.S. Total household expenditures from each countries' 1990-91 consumer expenditure surveys, with adjustments to reflect more accurately households' current consumption, are used as the basis for the analysis. Household size scale factors are used to produce adjusted expenditures. Household specific price indices are used to expresss the 1990-91 expenditure distribution at winter of 1981 and winter of 1991 prices. Decomposable measurement instruments are used both for the inequality and social welfare analyses. Our results show that wide differences in household size can be very important in international comparisons. Inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. For both countries we find that from the point of view of winter 1981, the amount of expenditures that we would need to give to richer households to compensate them for inflation, over the 1981 to 1991 period, would be greater than the amount that we would need to give to poorer households for them to be able to acquire the same bundle of goods. Our inequality comparisons are robust to the choice of the reference price vector

Diferencias entre la cultura corporativa declarada y percibida y su impacto en el compromiso de los directivos

Corporate cultures show a suspicious uniformity since they bring together particular widely-held values that follow social trends (which in itself is not negative) but could be different from the deeply held beliefs which are the source of corporate culture. Previous works have demonstrated the link between corporate culture and organizational commitment. Equally, the relationship between human resource practices and culture has attracted the attention of scholars. Following this, and given the potential differences in espoused corporate culture and its perception by employees, the analysis of values and its effect on organizational commitment will be made on these perceptions and not on formulations. For these reasons, the purpose of this paper is to find an answer to the following overriding question: How does employees’ perception of company values affect their own commitment to that organization? In order to provide a better analysis, the question can be divided into the following issues: a) What values are most commonly reported by the major Spanish companies? b) What are the values profiles of Spanish companies, as perceived by their managers? c) What is the influence, or strength, of human resource practices in companies’ values? d) What impact do corporate values have on employees’ commitment to the company?Este trabajo ha obtenido el 2.º Premio Estudios Financieros 2012 en la modalidad de Recursos Humanos. Las culturas corporativas de las compañías muestran una sospechosa uniformidad, pues suelen mostrar un similar conjunto de valores, que siguen las tendencias sociales (lo que en sí mismo no es negativo), pero que puede ser diferente de aquellas creencias profundamente arraigadas que son la fuente de la cultura corporativa. Anteriores trabajos han demostrado la relación entre cultura corporativa y compromiso organizacional. Igualmente, la relación entre cultura y prácticas de recursos humanos ha merecido la atención de los investigadores. De acuerdo con ello, y dada las posibles diferencias entre la cultura corporativa publicada y la percibida por los empleados, el análisis de los valores y su efecto en el compromiso organizacional debe realizarse por los percibidos y no por los formulados. Por esa razón, el propósito de este artículo es encontrar una respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo afecta la percepción que los empleados tienen de los valores de la compañía a su propio compromiso con la organización? En orden a facilitar un mejor análisis, la cuestión puede ser dividida en las siguientes fases: a) ¿Qué valores son los más frecuentemente publicados por las grandes compañías españolas? b) ¿Cuál es el perfil de los valores de esas compañías, según la percepción de sus directivos? c) ¿Cuál es la influencia de las prácticas de recursos humanos en los valores de las compañías? d) ¿Qué impacto tienen los valores corporativos en el compromiso de los empleados

El enfoque estratégico en la dirección de recursos humanos

Accésit Premio Estudios Financieros 1999 En este trabajo se ponen de manifiesto las distintas aproximaciones metodológicas al estudio de la dirección estratégica de recursos humanos (DERH) y se presenta un esquema válido para clasificar los trabajos existentes en esta área. En este sentido, a partir de la revisión de la literatura realizada, se identifican tres enfoques en los que se pueden encuadrar las aportaciones de los distintos autores. En los trabajos clasificados en el primero de los enfoques, el económico, el objetivo de la DERH es definir las prácticas que le son propias de forma que apoyen la creación y desarrollo del capital humano considerado como una fuente potencial de ventaja competitiva. Por su parte, los trabajos enmarcados en el enfoque del proceso consideran que la función de la DERH debe ser la de establecer y aplicar una metodología para la formulación e implantación de una estrategia de recursos humanos que permita alcanzar los objetivos de la organización. Por último, los trabajos enmarcados en el enfoque del ajuste consideran de vital importancia que la DERH consiga alinear las dimensiones de los recursos humanos con la estrategia en sus distintos niveles

Diseño del trabajo y recursos humanos en un sistema de producción ajustada

Accésit Premio Estudios Financieros 1997 El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los cambios en la organización del trabajo derivados de la implantación de un modelo de Lean Production o Producción Ajustada (PA), así como investigar qué implicaciones tienen dichas modificaciones sobre las funciones propias de la dirección de recursos humanos