A Scoping Review of Health Research with Racially/Ethnically Minoritized Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Living with intersectional identities, having a disability, and being a member of a racial or ethnic minoritized group in the U.S., contributes to marginalization that may result in health disparities and health inequities. The purpose of this scoping review is to describe health research regarding adult racial/ethnic minoritized individuals in the U.S with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD). Eight electronic databases were searched to identify literature on the topic published since 2000. Of the 5,229 records, 35 articles were included in the review. Eligible studies included research conducted in the U.S., published in English, and research focused on adults with I/DD with race and/or ethnicity information. The 35 articles included racial/ethnic minoritized individuals who were Black, Latinx/Hispanic, American Indian, and Asian. Twenty-nine of the 35 articles identified health disparities experienced by adults with I/DD from racial/ethnic minoritized groups. Many health disparities were demonstrated in the articles, where adult racial/ ethnic minoritized individuals with I/DD fared worse compared to White adults with I/DD. Additionally, four articles describe differences in health experiences by those from racial or ethnic minoritized backgrounds. Results of this scoping review highlight the need for research that incorporates intentional inclusion of racial/ethnic minoritized people with I/DD and include novel methodologies that allow for the contributions of historically marginalized voices. Future research with an intersectionality approach is recommended to promote equity

Analysis of Growth Phases of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Reveals a Distinct Transition Phase before Entry into Early Stationary Phase with Shifts in Tryptophan, Fucose, and Putrescine Metabolism and Degradation of Neurotransmitter Precursors

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in children and adults in endemic areas. Gene regulation of ETEC during growth in vitro and in vivo needs to be further evaluated, and here we describe the full transcriptome and metabolome of ETEC during growth from mid-logarithmic growth to early stationary phase in rich medium (LB medium). We identified specific genes and pathways subjected to rapid transient alterations in gene expression and metabolite production during the transition from logarithmic to stationary growth. The transient phase was found to be different from the subsequent induction of early stationary phase-induced genes. The transient phase was characterized by the repression of genes and metabolites involved in organic substance transport. Genes involved in fucose and putrescine metabolism were upregulated, and genes involved in iron transport were repressed. Expression of toxins and colonization factors were not changed, suggesting retained virulence from mid-logarithmic to the start of the stationary phase. Metabolomic analyses showed that the transient phase was characterized by a drop of intracellular amino acids, e.g., l-tyrosine, l-tryptophan, l-phenylalanine, l-leucine, and l-glutamic acid, followed by increased levels at induction of stationary phase. A pathway enrichment analysis of the entire combined transcriptome and metabolome revealed that significant pathways during progression from logarithmic to early stationary phase are involved in the degradation of neurotransmitters aminobutyrate (GABA) and precursors of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). This work provides a comprehensive framework for further studies on transcriptional and metabolic regulation in pathogenic E. coli. IMPORTANCE We show that E. coli, exemplified by the pathogenic subspecies enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), undergoes a stepwise transcriptional and metabolic transition into the stationary phase. At a specific entry point, E. coli induces activation and repression of specific pathways. This leads to a rapid decrease of intracellular levels of certain amino acids. The resulting metabolic activity leads to an intense but short peak of indole production, suggesting that this is the previously described “indole peak,” rapid decrease of intermediate molecules of bacterial neurotransmitters, increased putrescine and fucose uptake, increased glutathione levels, and decreased iron uptake. This specific transient shift in gene expression and metabolome is short-lived and disappears when bacteria enter the early stationary phase. We suggest that these changes mainly prepare bacteria for ceased growth, but based on the pathways involved, we could suggest that this transient phase substantially influences survival and virulence

A Scoping Review of Health Research with Racially/Ethnically Minoritized Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD)

Among U.S. adults with disabilities, the prevalence of disability varies by race and ethnicity, with White adults reporting less disability than historically marginalized racial/ethnic groups. Living with intersectional identities, having a disability, and being a member of a racial or ethnic minority group creates marginalization that may contribute to health disparities. Previous research indicates there is limited intersectional disability research conducted in the U.S., as the prevailing approach focuses on disability broadly. Even less is understood about adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) living with intersectional identities. The purpose of this scoping literature review is to describe health research regarding adult racial/ethnic minoritized individuals with IDD in the U.S. Nine databases were used for the search. Search terms included those related to racial/ethnic status, IDD diagnosis, and health. The review resulted in 35 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Thirty-three of the 35 articles identified disparities experienced by adults with IDD from racial/ethnic minoritized groups. Results highlight the lack of research focused on racially/ethnically minoritized adults with IDD. The results of this scoping review indicate that researchers must be intentional about the inclusion of racial/ethnic minoritized groups with IDD and include novel methodologies that enhance historically marginalized voices. Researchers should incorporate existing data to highlight service gaps that influence poor health outcomes among minoritized individuals with IDD. Research highlighting service gaps may provide critical information for practitioners working to address health needs for special populations with IDD.This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]