Carbonization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) in Hydrothermal Processes to Produce Biochar

Empty fruit bunch (EFB) of palm oil is a waste from the palm oil industries which in a large amount, those waste is not properly utilized yet. EFB is a lignocelluloses waste as a polymer with big molecule such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that can be degraded into smaller molecules in hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. The HTC process of EFB will result three fractions such as gas, organic water soluble and biochar as solid residue or bio-char-water-slurry. EFB degradation is influenced by the operation conditions such as temperature, pressure, catalysts, reaction time, stirring and ratio liquid and solid. The HTC process involved many routes of reaction such as liquefaction, hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, condensation, aromatization, and polymerization. In this experiment 60 ml closed vessel was used as the HTC reactor to degrade of EFB. EFB concentration of 6.44% resulted 62% of conversion. Reaction time of 6 hours resulted 62 % of conversion. Increasing the reaction time and temperature increase the conversion of EFB. Liquid products of organic water soluble has cleared yellow color, after several hours the color become darkness that is further reaction still occurs in that solution. Solid products is biochar as brown coal, that can be easily separated and processed into powder, pellet or briquette form with outstanding storage and transport characteristics. For further economic development, biochar with excellent transport characteristics, the possibility of exporting this commodity to the world's energy market is possible

Effect of Ph on the Synthesis of Cu-zno Catalysts by Sol Gel Process for Glycerolhidrogenolisis

Cu-ZnO catalyst in this study made for the reaction of glycerol to propylene glycol hidrogenolysis with sol gel process fromacetate salts. pH is an important parameter in sol gel process in the synthesis of Cu-ZnO nanocatalyst. pH ajustment of the sol influencing the morphology and structure of Cu-ZnO catalyst, seen from the characterization performed by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning ElectronMicroscope (SEM). Diffraction spectra showed that the particle size of Cu-ZnO material is strongly influenced by the preparation. Cu-ZnO materials prepared at pH 7 and 8 showed a stong peak, mean the peak is broadening on Cu-ZnO prepared at pH 9. SEM-EDS of Cu and Zn ratios is different, which at pH 7 and 8, the ratio of Cu greater than Zn, while at pH 9, the ratio of Zn is higher than Cu which shows the interaction that changes the structure of the material in the presence of pH treatment. Confirmed by GC-MS analysis, at pH 7 and 8 the structure of Cu is in the core material and surrounded by Zn, and vice versa at pH 9 the structure of Zn in the nucleus and surrounded by Cu

Effect of Ph on the Synthesis of Cu-zno Catalysts by Sol Gel Process for Glycerolhidrogenolisis

Cu-ZnO catalyst in this study made for the reaction of glycerol to propylene glycol hidrogenolysis with sol gel process fromacetate salts. pH is an important parameter in sol gel process in the synthesis of Cu-ZnO nanocatalyst. pH ajustment of the sol influencing the morphology and structure of Cu-ZnO catalyst, seen from the characterization performed by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning ElectronMicroscope (SEM). Diffraction spectra showed that the particle size of Cu-ZnO material is strongly influenced by the preparation. Cu-ZnO materials prepared at pH 7 and 8 showed a stong peak, mean the peak is broadening on Cu-ZnO prepared at pH 9. SEM-EDS of Cu and Zn ratios is different, which at pH 7 and 8, the ratio of Cu greater than Zn, while at pH 9, the ratio of Zn is higher than Cu which shows the interaction that changes the structure of the material in the presence of pH treatment. Confirmed by GC-MS analysis, at pH 7 and 8 the structure of Cu is in the core material and surrounded by Zn, and vice versa at pH 9 the structure of Zn in the nucleus and surrounded by Cu

Degradation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) in Super-Critical Organic Solvents Affecting the Chemicals Distribution of Bio-Oil

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) in different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, toluene and hexane) to produce bio-oil were comparatively investigated. Experiments were carried out in an autoclave at different temperature of 300, 350 and 400 oC with a fixed solid/liquid ratio of 4 gram in 50 mL solvent, without catalysts and reaction time of 5 hours. The liquid products were analyzed using GCMS to determine the chemical composition. Result showed that the chemical compositions were greatly affected by the solvent types. Each solvent has a major component in bio-oil products. The major compounds resulted from methanol and ethanol solvent were ketones/others. The major compounds resulted from toluene and hexane solvents were organic acid, which favoured high temperature. Meanwhile, esters and organic acid were the major products from acetone solvents. Temperature operation resulted more variations in the chemical composition and the percentages of the bio-oil