The impact of carbohydrate ingestion on the regulation of fat oxidation following exercise

Purpose: To determine the impact of carbohydrate (CHO)ingestion on the regulation of fat oxidation following glycogen lowering exercise. Methods: Six males (age 23.4 2 1.7y, vo2peak 58.0 2 2.1 ml.kg-'.min-') participated in the study. Subjects performed an incremental maximal cycle ergometer test and a verification trial to determine the workload corresponding to 75%V02peak. On separate days, subjects exercised at 75% vO2peak for 90 min. Following exercise, subjects consumed either a CHO drink or a flavoured placebo (PLA). Substrate oxidation was measured for I h after exercise using indirect calorimetry. Before, immediately after, and A h after exercise, subjects had a muscle biopsy taken from the vastus lateralis. Results: Subjects exercised at a similar %VO2peak during both the CHO (71.5 2 I -8% v02peak) and the PLA (72.5 2 1.8%VO2peak) trials. Energy expended during and following exercise was similar between trials. The contribution of fat towards energy expenditure (%EE) during recovery was lower in the CHO trial than in the placebo trial (p4.05). The opposite was true for carbohydrate (pc0.05). Exercise lowered muscle glycogen in both trials. Exercise decreased (pC0.05) serum insulin levels and increased (pc0.05) non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels. CHO ingestion led to a dramatic increase in glucose and insulin levels and a drop in NEFA levels (p<0.05). The phosphorytataion of acety bCoA carboxylase (ACC), 5'AMP-activated protein klnase (AMPK) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) increased with exercise (p<0.05). ACC and AMPK phosphorylation in the CHO trial was lower at 1 h post than in the PLA trial (pc0.05). HSL phosphorylation remained above baseline at 1 h post in the PLA but not the CHO trial. Conclusion: Results indicate that CHO ingestion following exercise suppressed fat oxidation, possibly by relieving the phosphorylation duced inhibition of ACC, allowing for an increase in malonyl CoA levels

Assessing the Quality of Public Services: A Conceptual Model

One of the major challenges faced by Public Administration is how to create more value for both citizens and firms, mainly because of the increasing budgetary constraints and challenging demands from society. In fact, over the past two decades there has been a general movement of public reform in most developed countries, and for this reason it is essential to understand how users assess the quality of public services. The aim of this paper is to clarify the determinants of public service quality. Due to the nature of the research problem, we have adopted a case-study methodology. The research involved extensive qualitative and quantitative data collection with managers, citizens and front and back-office public servants by means of interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. The paper presents the case of Public Service Citizens’ Shops (Loja do Cidadão) in Portugal, a recent and innovative channel for the delivery of public services. Firstly, it explores the kind of relationships that develop during the public service encounter between the citizen, the public organization and society. Secondly, citizen satisfaction and dissatisfaction with public services are both investigated. The basic premise is that these two concepts are not opposite but have different determinants. Furthermore, the paper also explores the nature of tolerance and emphasizes the importance of managing emotions in the public service encounter. Finally, it also considers how the quality assessment of public services should also take into account implications regarding value to society.public services; quality determinants; satisfaction; dissatisfaction; zone of tolerance; emotions; citizens’ shops

Fraudulent Conveyances—Necessity of Judgment to Set Aside

Fraudulent Conveyances—Necessity of Judgment to Set Asid

Fraudulent Conveyances—Necessity of Judgment to Set Aside

Fraudulent Conveyances—Necessity of Judgment to Set Asid