Right-heart infective endocarditis: apropos of 10 cases

The prevalence and characteristics of right heart endocarditis in Africa are not well known. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory profiles of patients with right-heart infective endocarditis. This was a 10-year retrospective study conducted in 2 cardiology departments in Dakar, Senegal. All patients who met the diagnosis of right heart infective endocarditis according to the Duke's criteria were included. We studied the epidemiological, clinical as well as their laboratory profiles. There were 10 cases of right-heart infective endocarditis representing 3.04% of cases of infective endocarditis. There was a valvulopathy in 3 patients, an atrial septal defect in 1 patient, parturiency in 2 patients and the presence of a pacemaker in one patient. Anaemia was present in 9 patients whilst leukocytosis in 6 patients. The port of entry was found to be oral in three cases, ENT in one case and urogenital in two cases. Apart from one patient with vegetations in the tricuspid and pulmonary valves, the rest had localized vegetation only at the tricuspid valve. However, blood culture was positive in only three patients. There was a favorable outcome after antibiotic treatment in 4 patients with others having complications; three cases of renal impairment, two cases of heart failure and one case of pulmonary embolism. There was one mortality. Right heart infective endocarditis is rare but associated with potentially fatal complications.Pan African Medical Journal 2015; 2

Anti-Inflammatulatory Activity of Hydro-Ethanolic Bark Extracts of Piliostigma reticulatum Hochst (Caesalpiniaceae) and Analysis by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS of its Methanol Fraction

Use of plants as remedies dates back to the time of the oldest civilizations. Among these active ingredients, polyphenols play an important role. Piliostigma reticulatum, a plant whose barks are rich in condensed tannin is often used as an anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this work was to correlate the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts with their chemical composition through chromatography fractionation analyses (HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS). The barks were extracted by moderate hydroethanol decoction followed by silica gel splitting with successively ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the method of carrageenan induced hind paw edema in Wistar rats.  The chemical study was carried out by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS after isolation of the compounds by fractionation on Sephadex LH-20 gel. The bark hydroethanolic extract had shown ability to inhibit significantly the inflammation induced by carraghenan. Among the hydroethanolic bark extract fractions that methanol fraction had the best activity at 10 mg/kg with inhibition percentages similar to those of acetylsalicylic acid with 48.51% ± 2.26; 54.71% ± 5.13; 64.19% ± 6.70 vs. 54.69% ± 7.23; 57.83% ± 9; 65.13% ± 8.44 respectively. The HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the SF5 sub-fraction presented the best chromatogram with several peaks, three of which were high intensity. The latter would correspond to monomer, dimer and trimer of catechin according to the weights [M-H] + m / z: 291.07; 579.18; 867.27 obtained by HPLC-MS. The compounds responsible for anti-inflammatory activity would be condensed tannins. The latter would consist mainly of catechin oligomers.  Keys words: Piliostigma reticulatum, bark, anti-inflammatory activity, HPLC-DAD, HPLC-M

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of Combretum molle and Pericopsis laxiflora

In Burkina Faso as in several African countries, diabetes is becoming a very serious disease and public concern. Patients use both drugs and plants for treatment. Thus, Combretum molle and Pericopsis laxiflora have been identified as plants used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of that disease. The aim of the study was to assess phytochemical components and antioxidant activities of those plants in order to highlight why diabetes patients refer to them. The phytochemical analysis of water, ash quantification and screening were done using the standard methods; the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract against 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and hydroxyl radical were performed using colorimetric or spectrophotometric methods. The Inhibitory Concentration (IC) was determined using GraphPad Prism version 5. The results showed 6.76±0.076% and 7.52±0.015% of water contents in Combretum molle and Pericopsis laxiflora, respectively. The ash content was 3.41±0.35% for Combretum molle and 3.87±0.15% for Pericopsis laxiflora. The screening revealed the presence of tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and saponins in both plant materials. However, alkaloids were found in Pericopsis laxiflora and hydrolysables tannins and heterosides cardiotonics in Combretum molle. The IC50 for the extract plant of Combretum molle was 42 μg/mL and that of the Pericopsis laxiflora was 44.15 μg/mL for DPPH radical. The antioxidant effect of the extract plant of Combretum molle was 216 μg/mL and the extract plant of Pericopsis laxiflora was 225 μg/mL on the nitric oxide radical. It was concluded that the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponin, alkaloids and cardiotonic heterosides, explains why traditional medicine uses both plants together to treat certain diseases. However, further investigations of the pharmacological potential for diabetes treatment are needed.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Phytochemical, antioxidant activities, Combretum molle, Pericopsis laxiflora, Burkina Fas

4,6-Dimethyl-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydro­pyrimidin-3-ium chloride–thio­urea (1/1)

In the title compound, C6H9N2S+·Cl−·CH4N2S, the 4,6-di­methyl-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydro­pyrimidin-3-ium cation is proton­ated at one of the pyrimidine N atoms. The cations are bridged by the chloride anions through a pair of N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. The amino groups of each thio­urea adduct inter­act with the chloride anions through a pair of N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and the S atom of another thio­urea adduct through a pair of N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds. These inter­actions result in a layered hydrogen-bonded network propagating parallel to the bc plane. Except for two H atoms, all atoms are on special positions

Evaluation of the use of birth control followed in women's hospital regional Saint Louis (Senegal) in 2014

Background: To evaluate the use of contraceptive methods among women followed at Saint Louis Health Centre.Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of all recue clients in the Obstetrics and Gynecology department of the Regional Hospital of St. Louis. She ran from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014, 12 months.Results: The mean age was 28.8 years. The most common demographic characteristics were the Wolof ethnic group (64.5%), married the marital status (97.9%), they were not in school in 46.3%. The main sources of information on the use of contraception were health workers in 80.3%, friends and relatives (8.5%) followed by husbands (2.5%), the media represented 6 0% and 0.1% posters. The injection method was the most used method (42.8%) followed by implants (36.2%), pills (14.9%) and tubal ligation (4.4%). The IUD was the least used method with 1.7% of use. The main reasons given by women were spacing births (70.6%), to avoid unwanted pregnancy (3.90%), avoid early pregnancies (1.20%) and of other unspecified reasons in 24.3%. In this study, no accidental pregnancy was reported. Indeed, 79.4% of women had respected the monitoring schedule of monitoring visits. They had abandoned contraception in 23.5%.Conclusions: This study shows the achievements and shortcomings in relation to the nature and completeness of the information provided. Strengthening the awareness and training will reduce missed opportunities for family planning, and indirect; reduce the rate of unmet need for FP in our country

Identification morphométrique des populations de Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) inféodées à trois céréales à Widou Thiengoli

Objectif: Tribolium castaneum, est un coléoptère qui a la capacité d’infester toutes les céréales et légumineuses entreposées. Sa capacité à dérouler son cycle de développement sur divers substrats alimentaires a suscité des réflexions sur son adaptabilité morphologique. Cette étude a pour objectif d’identifier la morphologie de T. castaneum à Widou sur différentes céréales.Méthodologie et résultats: Trois populations ont été définies en fonction de la céréale (maïs, mil ou riz) sur laquelle T. castaneum a déroulé son cycle de développement. Chacune des populations est constituée de 30 adultes mâles. Sur chaque adulte, 19 variables ont été mesurées. Les distances entre des yeux dorsalement et ventralement (Dyd, Dyv), la largeur du fémur_3 (lf3) et des élytres (lme) sont éliminées de l’analyse car ne présentant aucune variabilité entre les différents individus. Les 15 variables restantes sont utilisées pour des Analyses en Composante Principale. La taille est le premier facteur qui discrimine la population mil des autres. Suite à la transformation logarithmique des données brutes, l’Analyse discriminante a montré une différence de forme entre les trois populations. La classification ascendante hiérarchique a montré trois groupes morphométriques. Le groupe_1 dominé par les individus du mil est plus morphologiquement homogène. Le groupe_2 est dominé par les individus du riz et le groupe_3, le plus morphologiquement hétérogène, ne renferme que des individus du maïs.Conclusion et application des résultats: Ce présent travail contribue à la mise en place d’une lutte intégrée contre T. castaneum. La connaissance de la diversité populationnelle de ce ravageur primaire des céréales stockées est nécessaire pour la mise en place une lutte adaptée selon sa variabilité morphogénétique.Mots clés: Tribolium castaneum, biotype, ACP, morphométrie, AD, Widou Thiengoli, CAHEnglish Title: Morphometric identification of populations of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) subservient to three cereals at Widou ThiengoliEnglish AbstractObjective: Tribolium castaneum is a beetle that has the ability to infest all stored cereals and legumes. Its ability to unfold its development cycle on various food substrates has prompted reflections on its morphological adaptability. This study aims to identify the morphology of T. castaneum in Widou Thiengoli on different cereals.Methodology and results: Three populations were defined according to cereals (maize, millet or rice) on which T. castaneum developed its development cycle. Each population consists of 30 adult males. On each adult, 19 variables were measured. The distances between the dorsal and ventral eyes (Dyd, Dyv), the width of the femur_3 (lf3) and the elytra (lme) are eliminated from the analysis because no variability between the different individuals. The remaining 15 variables are used for Principal Component Analyzes. Size is the primary factor that discriminates the millet population of others. Following the logarithmic transformation of the raw data, Discriminant Analysis showed a difference in shape between the three populations. Hierarchical ascending classification showed three morphometric groups. The group_1 dominated by biotype millet individuals is more morphologically homogeneous. Rice individuals dominate group 2 and group 3, the most morphologically heterogeneous, contains only maize individuals.Conclusion and application of results: There is a morphological difference between the three populations of T. castaneum defined according to the food support, but the hypothesis of a morphological adaptation of T. castaneum on different food substrates can only be confirmed by varying the geographical sites. This present work contributes to the setting up of integrated struggle of T. castaneum. Knowledge of the population diversity of this primary pest of stored grains is necessary for the setting up of an adapted struggle according to its genetic variability.Keywords: Tribolium castaneum, biotype, PCA, morphometry, AD, Widou Thiengoli, CA

L’éléphantiasis vulvo-clitoridien: à propos d’un nouveau cas

L'éléphantiasis vulvo-clitoridien d'origine filarienne est une affection très rare. Nous rapportons un nouveau cas chez une femme de 33 ans suivie dans un service de Maladies Infectieuses pour filariose lymphatique. Elle avait une masse vulvo-clitoridienne qui évoluait depuis plus de 10 ans. Une résection clitoridienne et une plastie vulvaire a été réalisée. Les résultats fonctionnels et esthétiques étaient satisfaisants.Key words: Eléphantiasis, filariose, vulvo-clitoridie

Prevalence and co-existence of cardiometabolic risk factors and associations with nutrition-related and socioeconomic indicators in a national sample of Gambian women.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa, and a large proportion of the adult population is thought to suffer from at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. This study assessed cardiometabolic risk factors and the contribution of nutrition-related indicators in Gambian women. The prevalence and co-existence of diabetes (elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) or prediabetes (HbA1c ≥ 5.7% to  3 mg/L or alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) > 1 g/L) and the contribution of nutrition related and socioeconomic indicators were measured in non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age in the Gambia using data from a nationally representative cross-sectional stratified survey. Nationally, 54.5% (95% CI: 47.4, 61.4) of 1407 women had elevated HbA1c. Of these, 14.9% were diabetic and 85.1% were prediabetic. Moreover, 20.8% (95% CI 17.8, 20.0) of 1685 women had hypertension, 11.1% (95% CI 9.0, 13.7) of 1651 were obese and 17.2% (95% CI 5.1, 19.6) of 1401 had inflammation. At least one of the aforementioned cardiometabolic risk factor was present in 68.3% (95% CI 63.0, 73.1) of women. Obesity increased the risk of hypertension (aRR 1.84; 95% CI 1.40, 2.41), diabetes (aRR 1.91; 95% CI 1.29, 2.84), elevated HbA1c (aRR 1.31; 95% CI 1.14, 1.51) and inflammation (aRR 3.47; 95% CI 2.61, 4.61). Inflammation increased the risk of hypertension (aRR 1.42; 95% CI 1.14, 1.78). Aging increased the risk of hypertension, obesity and inflammation. Further, inadequate sanitation increased the risk for diabetes (aRR 1.65; 95% CI 1.17, 2.34) and iron deficiency increased the risk of elevated HbA1c (aRR 1.21; 95% CI 1.09, 1.33). The high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors and their co-existence in Gambian women is concerning. Although controlling obesity seems to be key, multifaceted strategies to tackle the risk factors separately are warranted to reduce the prevalence or minimize the risk of CVD