A Multidimensional Analysis of Poverty in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

This paper sets out the reasoning behind the fuzzy set approach to poverty measurement as a means to address both vertical and horizontal vagueness of poverty. The linear approach of Cerioli and Zani and the totally fuzzy and relative approach of Cheli and Lemmi are discussed and applied to the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, using data from Census 96. The results indicate different experiences of poverty in the Eastern Cape. It is shown that the traditional money metric approach does not accurately identify the most deprived in society, indicating the importance of other non-metric dimensions in poverty measurement.multidimensional poverty, deprivation, well being, vagueness, measurement, fuzzy,

Outcome evaluation of an in-patient psychotherapy program: mindfulness, difficulty with emotion regulation, and mood and anxiety symptoms

This exploratory enquiry into the effectiveness of an in-patient psychotherapy program measured the changes in mood and anxiety symptoms, difficulty with emotion regulation, and dispositional mindfulness in a clinical population with diverse psychiatric morbidity. Participants were 53 adults (74.5% female, mean age = 35 years) who participated in a 4-week in-patient psychotherapy program offering a variety of interventions, including mindfulness skills training, and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy-psychosocial skills training. Program input data, demographic variables, psychiatric morbidity, and medication on discharge were tracked. There was an average improvement of 29.86 ± 20.56 on the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire-D30 and 12.43 ± 17.75 on the Difficulty with Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form, indicating an improvement in mood and anxiety symptoms and emotion regulation post-intervention. There was an average improvement of 17.6 ± 23.66 on the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire, indicating an increase in dispositional mindfulness post-intervention

Die mensbeskoulike en samelewingsteoretiese vertrekpunte van ’n <i>onbekende</i> skrywer, toegespits op Hebreërs 10:38–39

The anthropological and theoretical societal views of an unknown author, focusing on Hebrews 10:38–39. This article describes the hypothesis that, regarding his anthropological and societal-theoretical viewpoints, the unknown author of the book Hebrews was not influenced by the thought patterns of the time, but was possibly offering a corrective on the (then) traditional anthropological and societal-theoretical viewpoints. Within the context of the Greco-Hellenistic world and the broad history of revelational lines in the Bible, this article takes as point of departure Hebrews 10:38–39. The article focuses on the question: What were the anthropological and societal-theoretical viewpoints of the unknown author of the book of Hebrews? Firstly, the article focuses on the prevailing perception of the Greek Hellenistic period, especially the known schools of thought during that time. The aim is to briefly describe the anthropological context in which the author of Hebrews wrote. Secondly, the discussion shows how the revelational-historical information in Hebrews offers a corrective on the thought patterns of that time. Thirdly, the article focuses on the way the societal-theoretical point of departure, when confronted with the thought patterns of that time, is illuminated from a correct understanding of the gospel

Verbond, geloof en geloofservaring

No abstract available

Limits of vector lattices

Please read abstract in the article.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jmaahj2023Mathematics and Applied Mathematic

The Long Walk: Considering the Enduring Spatial and Racial Dimensions of Deprivation Two Decades after the Fall of Apartheid

This study examines the enduring spatial and racial dimensions of poverty and deprivation in South Africa to assess the progress made by the post-apartheid society and state. A multi-dimensional approach is required to assess progress because it can reflect the reduction in deprivation attributable to the improved affordability and expanded coverage of government services. While there has been previous studies tracking poverty trends over segments of the post-apartheid period, no previous work has considered multi-dimensional deprivation over the two decades following the official fall of apartheid. We adopt the Total Fuzzy and Relative approach proposed by Cheli and Lemmi (1995) to derive a poverty index with nine dimensions of deprivation, including education, employment, dwelling type, overcrowding, access to electricity, water, telephone, sanitation and refuse collection. Our analysis shows that there has been a significant improvement in South African deprivation levels between 1996 and 2011, but it also finds that geography and race continue to play an important role in explaining patterns of deprivation

Mathematical modelling of sediment transport dynamics in the Berg River considering current and future water resources development scenarios

Thesis (MscEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The environmental impacts of manmade changes to rivers are, in modern days, extremely important. The impact needs to be quantified in order to predict future happenings and to assist in determining preventative measures. Dam construction forms an essential part of modern life to provide the necessary water demand for the ever increasing population. One manmade change that has a major impact on rivers is large dam developments in the upper reaches of rivers. These developments normally have the following effects on the lower reaches of the river due to the change in flow regime: • Narrower main channel, • Deeper main channel, • Reduced sediment transport, • Changes in sediment erosion and deposition patterns, • Less frequent flood plain inundation, • Overgrown flood plains, • Changes in ecological and biological parameters. All the above mentioned factors play an important part in the stability of the ecological and biological parameters. Prior to construction of a dam, however, the baseline ecological, physical Ichemical, hydrological, hydraulic and social conditions of the river system, including its associated groundwater, estuarine and floodplain components, would need to be established, to allow clear identification of future changes as a result of implementation of the instream flow requirements (lFR), as well as to guide the post-construction monitoring programme itself. The discharge and sediment transport changes that might occur as a result of the Berg River Dam development was thoroughly investigated in this reseach. The physical processes and mathematical modelling that formed part of this investigation are discussed in this thesis. The mathematical modelling was carried out using MIKE 11, software developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute for Water and Environment. This program was developed especially for one dimensional modelling of hydrodynamics and sediment transport within a river system. The results obtained from the simulations were used to calculate a hydrodynamic and sediment mass balance for both the pre and post dam scenarios in the Berg River, Western Cape. The influence of artificial flood releases from the Berg River Dam which is currently under construction was also investigated. Most of the data needed for the calibration and verification of the mathematical model was obtained from field work. Suspended and bed load sediment samples were taken in order to aid in the calibration of the sediment transport model. The bed roughness coefficients of the various sections of the river were calibrated against actual recorded water levels measured during flood events that occurred in 2003 and 2004. An intensive study of the incipient motion of cobbles and boulders in the upper reaches of the Berg River was carried out. Unfortunately it has to be stated that the transport of cobbles and boulders cannot be simulated by most computer programs as almost all the transport models available are only defined up to a maximum diameter of 20mm. The lack of consistent sediment load data as well as the low rainfall during 2003 and 2004 presented problems during the calibration of the sediment transport model; it is therefore recommended that sediment load sampling is continued for at least two years in order to verify the calculated sediment yield for the various catchments. From this study it can be concluded that the Berg River Dam will have a significant effect on the downstream river morphology of the first 70 kilometres of the river. Thereafter the effect will decrease to a minimum. The proposed artifical flood releases are effective in reinstating the river to its present state. This study also showed that a fully hydrodynamic model of a large river system such as the Berg River can be calibrated and validated.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die omgewingsimpak van mensgemaakte veranderinge in natuurlike riviere raak meer en meer belangrik. Hierdie impak moet gekwantifiseer word om sodoende toekomstige gebeurtenisse te verstaan en om die nodige voorkomingsmaatreëls in werking te stel. Om aan die waterbehoefte te voldoen vorm damkonstruksie 'n belangrike deel van die hedendaagse samelewing. Damme is moontlik een van die veranderinge aan die ewewig van riviere wat die grootste impak op die stroomaf dele van die rivier het. Die volgende veranderinge ten opsigte van die hoofkanaal word meestalopgemerk na die konstrukie van 'n dam in die hoërliggende dele van riviere: • Nouer hoofkanaal, • Dieper hoofkanaal, • Afname in die volume sediment wat vervoer word, • Veranderinge ten opsigte van die erosiepatrone, • Vloedvlaktes word minder oorstroom, • Toegegroeide vloedvlaktes, • Veranderings aan die ekologiese en biologiese parameters. Die bogenoemde faktore speel 'n belangrike rol ten opsigte van die stabiliteit van die ekologiese en biologiese veranderlikes. Alvorens die konstruksie begin moet die natuurlike ewewigstoestand van die rivier ten opsigte van die ekologiese, fisiese, chemiese, hidrologiese, hidrouliese, en sosiale faktore gemeet word. Dit moet gedoen word om sodoende toekomstige veranderinge wat moontlik mag plaasvind as gevolg van die damkonstruksie en die omgewingsloslatings te kwantifiseer. Hierdie metings word ook gebruik om die na - konstruksie monitering te evalueer. Die veranderinge ten opsigte van vloei en sedimentvervoer wat moontlik mag plaasvind as gevolg van die Berg Rivier Dam konstruksie is noukeuring ondersoek. Die fisiese prosesse as ook die wiskundige modelle wat gedurende hierdie studie aangewend is word in hierdie tesis bespreek. Al die wiskundige modellering is met MIKE 11 wat deur die Deense Instituut vir Water en Omgewing ontwikkel is, uitgevoer. Hierdie sagteware is spesifiek vir die een dimensionele simulasie van hidrodinamika en sediment vervoer van riviere ontwikkel. Die resultate wat verkry is, is gebruik om 'n hidrodinamiese en sedimentvervoer massabalans vir beide die voor - en na - dam toestande op te stel. Die effek van beheerde, kunsmatige vloede is ook ondersoek. Die meeste van die data wat benodig word om die wiskundige model the kalibreer is verkry deur fisiese veldwerk te doen. Sediment monsters is geneem gedurende die winter seisoen van 2003 en 2004. Hierdie data is gebruik om die sediment vervoer model te kalibreer. Die bodemruheid van die verskillende dele van die rivier is gekalibreer teen gemete vloedhoogtes tydens 2003 en 2004. 'n Deeglik studie van die begin van beweging van die groter partikels wat in die bolope van die Berg rivier aangetref word is uitgevoer. Ongelukkig moet dit genoem word dat hierdie een van die groot tekortkominge is van die model aangesien dit nie in die sedimentvervoer model ingekorporeer kan word nie omdat die meeste van die sedimentteorieë wat tans beskikbaar is net gedefinieer is tot 'n partikel groote van 20 mm. Die tekort aan deurlopende sediment lading data as ook die lae reënval gedurende 2003 en 2004 het probleme veroorsaak tydens die kalibrasie van die sedimentvervoer model. As gevolg hiervan word daar aanbeveel dat die insameling van sedimentdata vir ten minste nog twee jaar volgehou word ten einde die beskikbaarheid van sediment in die verskeie opvanggebiede deeglik na te gaan. Uit hierdie studie kan afgelei word dat die Berg rivier dam 'n beduidende effek op die morfologie van die eeste 70 kilometer van die Berg Rivier sal hê. Verder stoomaf sal die effek minder sigbaar wees. The beheerde kunsmatige vloedloslatings speel 'n beduidende rol in die normalisering van die sedimentvervoer van die Berg rivier. Hierdie studie toon dat 'n volledige hidrodinamiese model van 'n groot rivierstelsel gekalibreer kan word

"Ons weet omdat ons glo!" : 'n eksegeties-openbaringshistoriese studie vanuit Hebreërs 10:38-11:3 toegepas op die problematiek van die verhouding tussen geloof en kennis

Thesis (Ph.D. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.Influenced by the postmodernist views of the early 21st century, the so-called New Reformation Movement pleads for a changed view of Scripture and a new way of Scriptural understanding for theology in South Africa. This movement demands that the Bible should no longer be viewed as the word of God, but as human words about God; it calls for an intellectually based re-appraisal of the Bible in which the modem reader's context, especially the knowledge-explosion of the information-era, becomes the key factor. The result of such a "reformation" is an over-estimation of knowledge and an under-evaluation of faith. This "new model" of Scriptural understanding brings to the attention that the question regarding the relation between faith and knowledge is relevant for modem-day theology in South Africa. Hence it is important that also reformed theology should re-think the relation between faith and knowledge. Within the reformed theological paradigm such a reflection should take the Bible itself as basic point of departure. When discussing the matter of faith and knowledge, the reformed confessions frequently refer to the pericope Hebrews 10:38-11:3. The important place which this pericope takes within the confessional writings, gave rise to the central theoretical argument of this study. The argument is that Hebrews 10:38-11:3 gives a unique perspective on the relation between faith and knowledge. It is also argued that a thorough and scientifically sound study of this pericope can make an important contribution to describing the relation between faith and knowledge. Consequently the purpose of this study is to determine the perspectives which Hebrews 10:38-11:3 provides regarding the relation between faith and knowledge. This study is conducted by means of an exegetical and revelational-historical investigation of the pericope. Chapter two of this study is an exegetical investigation of Hebrews 10:38-11:3, with focus on its textual aspects. These aspects include the structure of the book as a whole and the thought-structure of the pericope, as well as the semantic analysis of words which are relevant to this thesis. This chapter leads to the conclusion that faith forms a main thread throughout the book and pericope. From the pericope analysis it becomes clear that there is a close link between faith and the life of the believer. Faith not only forms the framework of life, but gives a framework in which knowledge of the unseen reality is being noted. The semantic analysis of the words "faith" and "knowledge" reveals that these two concepts are indeed interdependent. In chapter three, the exegetical investigation of Hebrews 10:38-11:3 is continued by a study of the socio-historical context in which Hebrews spoke about faith and knowledge. This chapter concludes that Hebrews was written to Christianized Jews. The purpose of the book was to exhort the first readers not to fall back into Jewish religious traditions. It teaches its readers that regardless of suffering, faith empowers believers to look forward to a wonderful future that is promised to them by God. In chapter four a revelational-historical study is conducted of the broad lines within which the Scriptures speak about faith and knowledge. Thereupon the teaching of Hebrews 10:38-11:3 on this topic is placed within the broad revelational-historical lines of the Bible. This chapter concludes that Hebrews' teaching links up with the entire Bible's teaching about faith and knowledge. The substance of faith is knowledge of the revelation of God in Christ, which is also the realization of the promised future for those who believe. Chapter five compares the results of the exegetical investigation of Hebrews 10:28-11:3 with the reformed confessions regarding the subject at hand. This chapter concludes that there is an unbreakable bond between faith and knowledge, as depicted by the confessions and as continued by Hebrews 10:38-11:3. Both faith and knowledge begins and ends with God. Chapter six explores the rise of postmodernism and the New Reformation, comparing their views to the results of the exegetical investigation of Hebrews 10:38-11:3. This chapter concludes that the current theological debate in South Africa is characterized by an overestimation of knowledge and degradation of faith. However, in reaction to this, there are tendencies in the South-African theology towards an overestimation of faith and an degradation of knowledge. The results of this exegetical study of Hebrews 10:38-11:3 could possibly restore the balance. In Chapter seven the conclusion is formulated that, in the light of Hebrews 10:38-11:3, it is imperative that faith and knowledge should not be superimposed over each other, but should be regarded as providing indispensable mutual support. Both faith and knowledge should be discounted in the process of forming theories within the theological science.Doctora

Geloof en kennis in die Heidelbergse Kategismus

OPSOMING: Die wyse waarop die noue band tussen geloof en kennis verstaan moet word, figureer huidig steeds in teologiese debatte. In hierdie artikel word die verband wat deur vraag en antwoord 21 van die Heidelbergse Kategismus tussen geloof en kennis getrek word, bestudeer. In reaksie op die skolastiek van die laat-Middeleeue toe verintellektualisering van geloof besonder beklemtoon is, het die Reformasie ’n klaarblyklike gebalanseerde nuansering van die verband tussen geloof en kennis tot gevolg gehad. Veral Calvyn het ’n besondere bydrae hiertoe gelewer en het ’n bepaalde invloed gehad op die formulering van geloof se kenniselement. Dit het ruimte gebied waarbinne Ursinus en die res van die betrokke kommissie hierdie unieke verband kon vasvang in die Kategismus as konfessie. Die Skrifgronde hiervoor is Hebreërs 11:1, 3 sowel as Jakobus 2:19. Albei hierdie Skrifdele dien as bewysgronde om die kennisaspek van geloof te begrond. Hierdie artikel dui aan hoe die Kategismus bogenoemde Skrifgronde verreken om geloof as voorwetenskaplike kennis te beskryf. Die kenniselement van geloof is die voorveronderstelling wat die eksegeet by die aanvang van sy wetenskaplike aktiwiteit op die tafel wil plaas. Hierdie voorwetenskaplike kennis dien ter ondersteuning van wetenskaplike teorievorming. ABSTRACT: Faith and knowledge in the Heidelberg Catechism. The way in which the close relation between faith and knowledge should be understood, is still very prominent in current theological debates. This article studies the connection that is being described between faith and knowledge by question and answer 21 of the Heidelberg Catechism. In response to the scholasticism of the late Middle Ages with its particular emphasis on the knowledge element of faith, the time of the Reformation apparently brought a more balanced view on the relationship between faith and knowledge thanks to specifically Calvin who had a certain influence on the formulation of faith’s knowledge component. This gave to Ursinus and the rest of the commission responsible the breeding ground to capture this unique relationship into the Catechism as confession. Scriptural grounds for this relationship are found in Hebrews 11:1, 3 and James 2:19. Both these passages serve as basis for the knowledge aspect of faith. This article shows how the Catechism discounts these Scriptural passages to describe faith as a pre-scientific element in the scientific process. The knowledge-element of faith is the presupposition which the exegete wants to place on the table. This pre-scientific knowledge serves as support for the formulation of scientific theories.http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v47i2.702http://www.inluceverbi.org.za/index.php/skriflighttp://www.indieskriflig.org.za/index.php/skriflig/article/view/70