Green Synthesis of Oligomer Calixarenes

The synthesis of calixarenes can be conventionally done by heating at high temperature for a few hours and using various solvents in large quantities. The greener synthesis can be done with microwave-assisted synthesis and the solvent-free method, where both of these methods can reduce reaction time, energy use, solvent, and waste, with a higher percentage yield than that from the conventional synthesis method, making the synthesis of cyclic oligomer calixarenes and their derivatives more environmentally friendly

THE EFFECT OF INDONESIAN VELVET BEAN EXTRACT ON THE FERTILITY OF ALBINO MALE MICE

Objective: This research aims to determine the dose of Indonesian velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) extract which has significant effect on the fertility mice (concentration, motility and morphology of mice sperm). The extract is expected to become an alternative infertility herbal medicine relatively more secure and affordable replacing synthetic hormonal drugs which tend to have negative effects.Methods: The seed was taken from Yogyakarta Indonesia. Fertility test was done to fertile adult male albino mice 12 w old, weighing 25-35 grams. Fertility tests performed on seven groups of mice; i.e. negative control, positive control and treatment groups (five dose levels at 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg body weight). Subsequent fertility test results were statistically tested, including tests of normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) followed by T test (Independent-Samples T Test).Results: The sperm concentration and motility increased as an increased dose of seed extract was admisitered, as well as decreased abnormal morphology. The highest change in the quality and quantity of sperm occurred at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight with increased sperm concentration of about 22 million, sperm motility increased by 18% and decreased abnormal sperm morphology by 12%. Statistical analysis showed a significant increase in sperm concentration and motility at doses of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg body weight, whereas a significant decrease of abnormal sperm morphology was found at doses of 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg body weight.Conclusion: Based on this study it is concluded that Indonesian velvet beans seed extract can increase the fertility of albino male mice significantly at dose level 250 mg/kg body weight

Nanostarch based nanoencapsulation of Mucuna pruriens extract and its evaluation as anti-parkinsonian drug

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by low dopamine levels in the brain. This study aims to obtain the optimum condition for M. pruriens extract nanoencapsulation in nano starch (NS-MPn) and nanostarch-maltodextrin (NS-MD-MPn), nanocapsules characteristics, and their potential as anti-Parkinsonian drug. The nanoencapsulation process was carried out by ultrasonic method. FTIR, SEM, and TEM carried out the characterization of NS-MPn and NS-MD-MPn nanocapsules. Encapsulation efficiency was evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. SEM and TEM characterization NS-MPn and NS-MD-MPn nanocapsules have non-spherical surface morphology, spherical in shape 234.98 and 90.85 nm, respectively. NS-MPn have 21.35% encapsulation efficiency, meanwhile, NS-MD-MPn has 30.02%

Germination effects on the physicochemical properties and sensory profiles of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and soybean tempe

IntroductionPrevious studies have shown that the velvet bean, an indigenous legume in Indonesia, possesses high protein content and bioactive compounds. However, the utilization of velvet beans in tempe production remains underexplored.MethodsThis study aims to address this research gap by investigating the physicochemical properties and sensory profiles of tempe made from velvet beans, both individually and in combination with soybean. The study involved the production of tempe using germinated and non-germinated velvet bean, soybean, and a soy-velvet bean combination (61:39% ratio). Physicochemical analyses, including hardness, firmness, colour, antioxidant capacity, proximate, pH, and titratable acidity, were conducted. Hedonic rating and Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) tests were also performed to assess the sensory attributes of fresh and fried tempe.Results and discussionGermination treatment of velvet bean resulted in tempe with reduced hardness, firmness, antioxidant capacity, and pH levels compared to non-germinated velvet bean tempe. However, velvet bean tempe exhibited a darker colour, higher antioxidant capacity, higher pH levels, and lower titratable acidity compared to soybean tempe and soy-velvet bean combination tempe. The protein content in velvet bean tempe was found to be below the required threshold of 15%. Hedonic rating tests revealed that fresh and fried velvet bean tempe received lower scores than other samples. CATA tests identified specific sensory attributes essential for fresh and fried tempe, including beany aroma, white colour, nutty aroma, golden brown colour, solid and crunchy texture, umami taste, and nutty aftertaste. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential applications of velvet beans in tempe production and emphasize the significance of considering germination as a factor affecting the quality and sensory attributes of tempe

Comparative analysis of HHV and LHV values of biocoke fuel from palm oil mill solid waste

This research aims to investigate and compare the energy value of different biocoke and raw palm oil-biomass. Applying pressure and heating simultaneously during biocoke production is a direct method used in this research. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the water content in each sample tested was below 10%. The water content can be reduced to 5% for all samples except oil palm-midrib. The highest raw biomass heating value was recorded from palm-kernel-shell at 16.83 MJ/kg; the lowest oil palm-midrib was 14.60%. Meanwhile, the highest lower heating value was recorded from biocoke at 19.08 MJ/kg, and the weakest empty-fruit-bunches 17.01 MJ/kg

The effect of oxygenated turpentine oil additive in diesel fuel on the performance and emission characteristics in one-cylinder di engines

A study on the application of oxygenated turpentine oil as a bio-additive in diesel fuel was conducted. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of oxygenated turpentine oil additive in diesel fuel on the performance and emission characteristics in diesel engines. Oxygenated turpentine oil is obtained from the oxidation process of turpentine oil. In this experimental study, the influences of oxygenated turpentine oil-diesel blended fuel OT0.2 (0.2% vol oxygenated turpentine oil and 99.8% vol diesel) were compared with pure diesel on engine performance, and emission characteristics were examined in a one-cylinder four-stroke CI engine. The test was performed at two engine loads (25% and 50%) and seven engine speeds (from 1200–2400 rpm with intervals of 200 rpm). The physiochemical characteristics of test fuels were acquired. The engine indicated power, indicated torque, fuel flow rate, and emissions (carbon dioxide, CO2; carbon monoxide, CO; and nitrogen oxide, NOX ) were examined. The results revealed that the engine power shows slight increments of 0.7–1.1%, whereas the engine torque slightly decreased with oxygenated turpentine usage compared to pure diesel in most conditions. Furthermore, a reduction in NOX emission decreased by about 0.3–66% with the addition of oxygenated turpentine in diesel compared to diesel. However, usage of OT0.2 decreased fuel flow rate in most speeds at low load but gave a similar value to diesel at 50% load. CO emissions slightly increased with an average of 1.2% compared to diesel while CO2 emissions increased up to 37.5% than diesel. The high-water content, low cetane number, and low heating value of oxygenated turpentine oil were the reasons for the inverse effect found in the engine performances

The business model for access to affordable re on economic, social, and environmental value : A review

Renewable energy has the potential to power the global economy and effective business models will significantly aid this goal, being among the most critical factors in spurring expansion in the energy industry. This paper reviews articles that discuss business models in the renewable energy sector. Long-term economic, social, and ecological stability is concerned. Previous studies have neglected the environmental sustainability of renewable energy business models, focusing on their technical, social, and economic aspects, primarily for energy access. The business models for solar home and pico systems relied heavily on lowering costs through creative payment plans for customers to be commercially viable. The demand for mini-grids requires end users to launch businesses that can leverage electrification initiatives to be commercially via-ble. The success of a mini-grid depends on the average consumption and reve-nue per user. Affordability, unmet energy needs, low electricity demand, lack of financing, unfamiliar business models, and immature markets have imped-ed energy access in Indonesia. Our analysis revealed that future studies in this field must include environmental sustainability to provide a complete picture for decision-makers. Renewable energy needs in Indonesia can be achieved through the sustainability domain, policy makers can consult this evidence set

Buku Materi Pokok Kimia Organik 1

bertujuan untuk mempelajari tentang konsep-konsep dasar dalam kimia organik yang meliputi analisis unsur, ikatan dalam senyawa organik, hubungan struktur dan sifat, klasifikasi senyawa organik, pengenalan reaksi senyawa organik, serta isomeri dan stereokimia. Selain itu dipelajari pula struktur, tata nama, sifatsifat, cara pembuatan dan kegunaan golongan senyawa organik bergugus fungsi tungg