Enhancing Physical Layer Security in AF Relay Assisted Multi-Carrier Wireless Transmission

In this paper, we study the physical layer security (PLS) problem in the dual hop orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based wireless communication system. First, we consider a single user single relay system and study a joint power optimization problem at the source and relay subject to individual power constraint at the two nodes. The aim is to maximize the end to end secrecy rate with optimal power allocation over different sub-carriers. Later, we consider a more general multi-user multi-relay scenario. Under high SNR approximation for end to end secrecy rate, an optimization problem is formulated to jointly optimize power allocation at the BS, the relay selection, sub-carrier assignment to users and the power loading at each of the relaying node. The target is to maximize the overall security of the system subject to independent power budget limits at each transmitting node and the OFDMA based exclusive sub-carrier allocation constraints. A joint optimization solution is obtained through duality theory. Dual decomposition allows to exploit convex optimization techniques to find the power loading at the source and relay nodes. Further, an optimization for power loading at relaying nodes along with relay selection and sub carrier assignment for the fixed power allocation at the BS is also studied. Lastly, a sub-optimal scheme that explores joint power allocation at all transmitting nodes for the fixed subcarrier allocation and relay assignment is investigated. Finally, simulation results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed schemes.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, accepted in Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies (ETT), formerly known as European Transactions on Telecommunications (ETT

The viability of a National Retrenchment Scheme (NRS) in Malaysia

Through this article, the writers have laid down the reasons why the Employers’ Federation was not initially in favour of such a fund,reasoned out some of their contentions against it, and stated how the Fund would benefit them in the long run and serve as a protection to them in times of economic uncertainty. Further, some suggestions were formulated in relation to the mechanism of the National Retrenchment Scheme, with reference to the views of the prominent scholar, Al-Marhum Professor Harun Hashim, and some guidelines that could be taken and followed from the National Insurance Fund of the United Kingdom. What is being emphasised is that workers who are terminated from employment due to redundancy in an organisation, should not be made to suffer further by not being paid their retrenchment compensation provided by the 1980 Regulations and/or the collective agreement to which the affected worker was formally a member of

Procedure for unfair dismissal claims in Malaysia

What happens when an employee loses his job or is unfairly dismissed? Procedure for Unfair Dismissal Claims in Malaysia is your A to Z guide on an important aspect of industrial law, namely, the procedure for unfair dismissal claims in the Malaysian context. The book is a comprehensive guide for legal practitioners, employers, employees, trade unions, ministry officials, academicians and students who want to keep abreast of industrial law and practices. The fundamental principles of the subject are explained in a clear, concise and organised manner. Readers will find the book valuable as it contains the adjudication process from the start of dismissal and the stages that an employee will have to undergo, the mode of challenging the award and its enforcement. Many significant decisions of the industrial court and the civil court have been analysed critically. The procedure and trial in the civil courts involving common law wrongful dismissal are also featured in the book

Treatment of Migrant Workers: the Islamic Perspective

It is heard of that migrant workers are sometimes abused by their employers, especially blue collared workers as they are mostly from underprivileged families who have left their countries to seek their fortune. Taking advantage of their upper hand, some employers compel them to work under terrible conditions, some are kept as slaves, unpaid and later disposed off, some are subject to deplorable living conditions, some women migrant workers are forced to ‘please’ their male employers to retain their jobs and some even forced into prostitution after entering a foreign land with the false hope of getting a respectable job. The Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), had, for more than fourteen centuries ago, brought human rights to workers. In the context of employer and employee relationship, it is based on the concept of brotherhood and not that of superior and subservient. Employers should be considerate, just and kind towards their workers. Further, they should be forgiving and compassionate. This includes an employer’s duty to look after the comfort and well being of employees, to treat a worker as his brother and work assigned should commensurate to his capacity. Unfortunately, however, exploitation of migrant workers is still a recurring phenomenon across the globe including the Muslim world. Hence, it is worthwhile to reflect again the injunctions from the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW). This paper would therefore discuss the treatment of workers in the workplace from the Islamic perspective and further include an employee’s obligation to perform his work conscientiously and to be trustworthy, among others

Prevention of Sexual Harassment: The Islamic Law (Syariah) Perspective

Sexual harassment is a common phenomenon today in the workplace and tertiary educational institutions, among others. The effect is that it destroys family ties and relations. To prevent this nagging problem, Islamic law has made provisions on matters that relate to sexual harassment. It has put in place certain mechanisms to prevent sexual harassment. One way of dealing with the problem is the legalisation of the institution of marriage and prevention of celibacy. Apart from this, severe punishments await those who commit fornication which is the objective of sexual harassment. Similarly, the Creator has ordain the believers, male and female alike, to lower their gaze and control their sexual organs in such a way that would not lead them to sexual sins nor should they stare at the opposite sex in such a way as to cause sexual harassment. This shows that it is not allowed for Muslims to put unacceptable lusts in the hearts of others by any form of harassment. In a similar vein, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) forbade all avenues that can lead to sexual harassment and this includes prohibiting people of different sexes from sitting or from having discussion in a private or secluded area. In addition, Islam does not permit a woman to travel without a ma’hram like her husband, father, uncle, brother, and son. On the same token, respect for one’s privacy is highly protected in Islam even with respect to children. Children would need to obtain the permission of their parents before they enter the rooms of their parents in certain periods. This is also a measure to prevent any forms of sexual harassment. Having said the above, this paper will discuss the preventive aspects of sexual harassment from the Islamic Law perspective with special focus on the primary sources of Islamic Law. Keywords: Sexual Harassment; Preventive Measures; Islamic La

Retrenchment : the law and practice in Malaysia

The employer is empowered to devise measures to reorganise and restructure or manage their workforce in any manner they deem appropriate to improve its profitability. Retrenchment of workers based on operational requirements is recognised for example, when there is reduction, diminution or cessation of the type of work the employee is performing. The excess services of employees resulting from a genuine reorganisation scheme adopted for reasons of economy and better management of the business may be discharged. Thus, a genuine redundancy in the organisation must be established before the retrenchment of surplus labour could be justified. However, the decision to retrench workers must not be capricious, without reason, mala fide, actuated by victimisation or unfair labour practice. The book “Retrenchment: The Law and Practice in Malaysia” provides an in-depth discussion of the laws and related issues concerning the subject matter in this country. The book contains a collection of legislations and awards of the Industrial Court on the subject and further, it is explained in a clear, concise and organised manner. When people are aware of the laws governing redundancy and retrenchment, industrial harmony can further be improved with the implementation of proper procedures to retrench workers, if necessary, with least violation of their rights. It is to be noted that the laws on retrenchment in Malaysia are not found in one single document, hence, this book is significant as it has compiled these laws and analysed them with reference to the awards of the Industrial Court

Specific courts and tribunal

This chapter discusses the jurisdiction and powers of the selected special courts namely, the Syariah Court, Industrial Court, ‘Labour Court’ and Native Courts. Besides the above special courts, the chapter also included the discussion of the selected tribunals namely, the Tribunal for Consumer Claims and Tribunal for Homebuyer Claims

Bibliometric estimation of research productivity, published in the European Journal of International Law from 2006 – 2019

Introduction of study: This study portrays the European Journal of International Law\u27s published data from 2006 - 2019, indexed in the Scopus-Elsevier database. Methodology: The retrieved data tabulated in MS Office Excel Sheet. The author\u27s role and collaboration, type of documents, and association of the first author with the country aimed to explore the issue and year wise frequency of publications. Results: Total 739 documents published and distributed in seven categories original articles 582; 78.7%, followed by 59; 8% review articles and 56; 7.5% editorials got the top slot in the publications. Single or solo authors wrote the documents produced by 841; 1.1% authors, majority 621; 84%; research papers. The affiliation of the first author belongs to forty-three countries. In this study, The United Kingdom on the top slot with 147; 19.8% publications, followed by United States 119; 16.1%, and Italy 118; 16%. Twelve articles published in random years got a maximum of 348 and a minimum of 100 citations. Conclusion: The European Journal of International Law regularly publishes a consistent approach and promotes international law writings. This journal\u27s dynamic is the facilitation of translations from French, Spanish, Italian and German languages to the English language

Mediation: native disputes

This chapter discusses the application of mediation in resolving customary disputes with reference to its practice in the native courts of the states of Sabah and Sarawak