Présentation

Voici le cahier des charges que chacune des six études qu’on va lire tente de satisfaire : exhiber ce qui fait de chacun des verbes étudiés une unité singulière, irréductible à quelque catégorie dont il est réputé participer : commencer en tant qu’il excède l’inchoation, paraître, toucher et sentir en tant qu’ils ne se dissolvent pas dans quelque catégorie des verbes de perception ; irréductible aussi aux propriétés phénoménales d’une dénotation canonique, laquelle s’avère toujours conditionn..

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF MEN BOBSLED PUSH STARTS

The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of selected kinematic variables associated with the push start for brakemen in the two-man bobsled. Eleven male bobsledders served as subjects for this study. The subjects were videotaped at 120 Hz during competition at the Lake Placid, NY bobsled track as they were competing for positions on the men’s 2004 National Bobsled Team. Selected groups of variables measured at specific events in this study included step length, frequency, and foot contact time; COM velocity; and trunk, knee, and elbow angles. A relationship of 0.63 was determined between start time and finish time; an exploratory correlational analysis between start time and COM velocity at 2nd step take-off (TO) was -0.63. Start time is of critical importance in determining final race time

AVANT-PROPOS

Les 10, 11 et 12 septembre 2015, à l’Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre La Défense, s'est tenu le colloque international  Le métalinguistique comme source et lieu d'hétérogénéités organisé par  Rémi Camus, Sarah de Vogüé, Kaja Dolar, Caroline Mellet, Frédérique Sitri au titre de l’opération « Hétérogénéités dans les langues et les discours » du Laboratoire Modyco (Université Paris Ouest, CNRS) Le comité scientifique de cette manifestation était constitué de Michel Arrivé, Jacqueline Authier-Revu..

Introduction

Chacun des articles composant ce numéro double s’attache à déployer une facette d’un programme de recherche qui s’est développé autour du travail d’Antoine Culioli pour étudier les formes linguistiques au travers de leurs variations. L’une des caractéristiques de ce travail est ce parti-pris de placer les faits de variation au centre de l’étude des langues et de considérer que l’identité des entités langagières en général réside dans le détail de leur variation, dans ce qui constitue le conto..

Introduction

Chacun des articles composant ce numéro double s’attache à déployer une facette d’un programme de recherche qui s’est développé autour du travail d’Antoine Culioli pour étudier les formes linguistiques au travers de leurs variations. L’une des caractéristiques de ce travail est ce parti-pris de placer les faits de variation au centre de l’étude des langues et de considérer que l’identité des entités langagières en général réside dans le détail de leur variation, dans ce qui constitue le conto..

Ground Reaction Forces: The Sine Qua Non of Legged Locomotion

Legged locomotion results from the feet pressing against the ground to generate ground reaction forces (GRFs) that are responsible for moving the body. By changing limb coordination patterns and muscle forces, the GRFs are adjusted to allow the horse to move in different gaits, speeds, and directions with appropriate balance and self-carriage. This article describes the typical GRF patterns in each gait, the adaptations that produce turning, and the GRF patterns used to unload the painful limb when the horse is lame. The intent is to provide information that is of practical interest and value to equine scientists rather than being a comprehensive review of the topic. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Emerging trends in reassessing translation, conflict, and memory

New Approaches on Translation, Conflict, and Memory: Narratives of the Spanish Civil War and the Dictatorship is a collection of essays that endeavours to establish a new dialogue between translation, conflict, and memory studies. Focusing on cultural representations of the Spanish Civil War and the Franco Dictatorship, it explores the significance and the effect of translation within Spain and beyond. Drawing on fictional and non-fictional texts, reports from war zones, and audiovisual productions, the contributors to this volume examine the scope of translation in transmitting the conflict and the dictatorship from a contemporary perspective. Narratives produced during and after the Civil War and the dictatorship both in Spain and abroad have led to new debates arising from the reassessment of a conflict that continues to resonate

The 2021 WHO catalogue of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex mutations associated with drug resistance: a genotypic analysis.

Background: Molecular diagnostics are considered the most promising route to achievement of rapid, universal drug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). We aimed to generate a WHO-endorsed catalogue of mutations to serve as a global standard for interpreting molecular information for drug resistance prediction. Methods: In this systematic analysis, we used a candidate gene approach to identify mutations associated with resistance or consistent with susceptibility for 13 WHO-endorsed antituberculosis drugs. We collected existing worldwide MTBC whole-genome sequencing data and phenotypic data from academic groups and consortia, reference laboratories, public health organisations, and published literature. We categorised phenotypes as follows: methods and critical concentrations currently endorsed by WHO (category 1); critical concentrations previously endorsed by WHO for those methods (category 2); methods or critical concentrations not currently endorsed by WHO (category 3). For each mutation, we used a contingency table of binary phenotypes and presence or absence of the mutation to compute positive predictive value, and we used Fisher's exact tests to generate odds ratios and Benjamini-Hochberg corrected p values. Mutations were graded as associated with resistance if present in at least five isolates, if the odds ratio was more than 1 with a statistically significant corrected p value, and if the lower bound of the 95% CI on the positive predictive value for phenotypic resistance was greater than 25%. A series of expert rules were applied for final confidence grading of each mutation. Findings: We analysed 41 137 MTBC isolates with phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing data from 45 countries. 38 215 MTBC isolates passed quality control steps and were included in the final analysis. 15 667 associations were computed for 13 211 unique mutations linked to one or more drugs. 1149 (7·3%) of 15 667 mutations were classified as associated with phenotypic resistance and 107 (0·7%) were deemed consistent with susceptibility. For rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, and streptomycin, the mutations' pooled sensitivity was more than 80%. Specificity was over 95% for all drugs except ethionamide (91·4%), moxifloxacin (91·6%) and ethambutol (93·3%). Only two resistance mutations were identified for bedaquiline, delamanid, clofazimine, and linezolid as prevalence of phenotypic resistance was low for these drugs. Interpretation: We present the first WHO-endorsed catalogue of molecular targets for MTBC drug susceptibility testing, which is intended to provide a global standard for resistance interpretation. The existence of this catalogue should encourage the implementation of molecular diagnostics by national tuberculosis programmes. Funding: Unitaid, Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Dire le harcèlement au travail : l'élaboration d'un vécu traumatique

International audienceHarassment at work has significant psychological consequences, often described as post-traumatic stress in the literature. However, harassment at work can be defined as a repetition of stressful events, whereas trauma involves the abrupt onset of a violent event. This research discusses the traumatic nature of harassment experienced by victims from different organisational contexts, through their narratives. We conducted semi-directive interviews that were analysed by combining thematic and discourse analyses. Participants described harassment content (i.e. the narrative of the facts) little by little, in a temporality escaping the narrative structure. Indicators we selected for the analysis suggest that harassment at work refers to a traumatic experience.Les conséquences psychiques du harcèlement moral au travail sont fréquemment décrites dans la littérature en termes de stress post-traumatique. Mais le harcèlement se définit par la répétition de faits stressants, tandis que le traumatisme suppose la survenue brutale d'un événement violent. Cette recherche interroge le caractère traumatique du vécu du harcèlement à partir de la narration qu'en font des victimes, issues de contextes organisationnels divers, au cours d'entretiens semi-directifs. Ces productions ont fait l'objet d'une double analyse : thématique et discursive. Le contenu du harcèlement (le récit des faits) ne se dit que peu à peu, dans une temporalité échappant à la structure narrative. L'ensemble des indicateurs retenus pour l'analyse témoigne en faveur d'un vécu traumatique du harcèlement

Le harcèlement dans les organisations : trauma et résilience dans les récits de victimes

International audienceThis research investigates the traumatic nature of harassment at work, based on victims’ narratives from interviews. These interviews were analysed along two lines, thematic and discursive, with a view to identifying manifestations of post-traumatic stress and the victims’ resilience in acknowledging it. Indicators selected for the analyses suggest that harassment at work leads to experiences of clinical trauma. The specific details of each case of harassment were divulged piece-meal, divorced from the chronological recounting of events. The pinning-down and naming of the facts of harassment and its perpetrators appears particularly problematic for the victims. The narratives of resilient victims are characterised by a readiness to name perpetrators, and reference to organisational support. Conversely, the isolation experienced by non-resilient victims is revealed by the propositional nature of their narration.Cette recherche interroge le caractère traumatique du vécu du harcèlement à partir de la narration qu'en font des victimes, au cours d'entretiens. Ces productions ont fait l'objet d'une double analyse : thématique et discursive, en vue de repérer les manifestations discursives d’un éventuel stress post-traumatique, et de sa résilience. L'ensemble des indicateurs retenus pour l'analyse témoigne en faveur d'un vécu traumatique du harcèlement. Le contenu du harcèlement ne se dit que peu à peu, dans une temporalité échappant à la structure narrative. La dénomination des faits, ainsi que la désignation de l’entité harceleuse, apparaissent comme particulièrement problématiques. L’identification d’acteurs personnifiés et la référence à un soutien organisationnel caractérisent le récit des victimes résilientes ; tandis que l’isolement de la victime non résiliente est visible dans la structure propositionnelle du récit