EXPLAINING THE TREND IN TEENAGE BIRTH RATES FROM 1981-1999

We investigate the influence of changes in demography, the strength of the economy, and social policies on teen birth rates in the U.S. from 1981 to 1999, a period of wildly fluctuating rates. We find that demographic and social policy changes largely counteracted one another during this period with the growth in the Hispanic population as the primary factor driving rates up, and the tightening of the Child Support Enforcement program as the primary factor pushing rates down. Our results suggest that if the demographic variables that we measure had remained at their 1981 levels, teens would have had 340,000 (or 3.6 percent) fewer births than were observed over this period. At the same time, if welfare benefits and Child Support Enforcement expenditures had remained at their 1981 levels, teens would have had almost 484,000 (or 5.2 percent) more births than observed. Although related to teen birth rates, the economy does not appear to have played much of a role in the trend in teen birth rates.teenage childbearing, social policy

Bedford Springs Resort: A Political and Social Annex of Antebellum America: 1840-1860

Antebellum America has been described as a period of turbulence for the nation as the North and the South grew farther apart through sectionalism. While voters relied upon the increasing partisan press to inform them of debates in Washington and the often-deliberate decision to forgo the ultimate decision on slavery, in private politicians forged friendships through social events such as parties and dinners. When the Congressional session ended in early summer, politicians often accompanied by their families would travel north to Saratoga Springs or west to the much cooler climates of the mountain resorts: Bedford Springs, White Sulphur Springs, Warm Water Springs, or Berkeley Springs. Over the course of three to four weeks or the whole season, politicians would relax and enjoy the camaraderie of the company which included members of both the Northern and Southern elite. At Bedford Springs particularly, the resort provided the environment necessary for politicians of all parties to interact with members of the Northern and Southern gentry. Through their conversations and often annual meetings, local, state, and national politics were discussed and planned. As a result, the resort became synonymous with political patronage, especially that of James Buchanan. With a documented forty visits, the Pennsylvanian statesman made the resort his summer White House in 1857-1860, propelling Bedford Springs to the height of her popularity. Much like a spiderweb, the summers spent at Bedford Springs and its competitors not only strengthened the ties between members of the Northern and Southern elite but politicians as well. In contrast to the reporting of the partisan press, the discussions held at Bedford Springs between representatives of all parties were peaceful and productive, built on decades of friendship ignoring sectionalist differences

Brief for Respondents. County of Los Angeles v. Mendez, 137 S.Ct. 1539 (2017) (No. 16-3690), 2017 WL 696103

QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1. Does the legal framework set out in Grnham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989), apply to actions by police that foreseeably create a need for the use of force? 2. In an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, where a house search that violates the Fourth Amendment results in the shooting of an innocent resident who did not know that the intruders were sheriff’s deputies, does a resident’s nonculpable response to the intrusion constitute a superseding cause that bars relief for the residents’ injur

Vad händer med avrinningsområdenas ekosystemtjänster i ett framtida klimat?

Ekosystemtjänster, de nyttor som ekosystemen tillhandahåller människan, är idag ett etablerat begrepp. Även om begreppet används mer och mer frekvent i den svenska förvaltningen finns ett behov att utarbeta bedömning av tillstånd och metodik för att övervaka eventuella förändringar för dessa tjänster, inte minst i tjänster från sötvatten. Sötvattensmiljöer är bland de mest påverkade miljöerna av mänsklig verksamhet. Den biologiska mångfalden minskar och klimatförändringar är ett växande hot. I denna rapport testas metodik för bedömning av tillstånd på ekosystemtjänster på lokal nivå. Rapporten ger en bild över tillstånden på ekosystemtjänsterna i nuvarande klimat och en analys över hur ett urval av ekosystemtjänster kan komma att påverkas givet kommande klimatförändringar i Sverige med mer frekventa översvämningar. Studien är gjord i två fallstudieområden, Arbogaåns och Bällstaåns avrinningsområden. Bedömningen av ekosystemtjänsternas tillstånd är gjord baserat på befintliga direktiv (främst Vattendirektivet och de nationella miljömålen) samt en slutlig expertbedömning. För Arbogaåns avrinningsområde bedömdes majoriteten av ekosystemtjänsternas tillstånd i nuvarande klimat som måttlig. Endast två ekosystemtjänster, rekreation och vetenskap och utbildning bedömdes ha god status. För Bällstaåns avrinningsområde bedömdes däremot flertalet ekosystemtjänsters tillstånd i nuvarande klimat som dålig. En ökad översvämningsrisk påverkar flertalet av de utvalda ekosystemtjänsterna negativt. Då en negativ effekt observeras för viktiga stödjande ekosystemtjänster som biologisk mångfald och livsmiljö i de båda avrinningsområdena riskerar indirekt också majoriteten av resterande ekosystemtjänsterna i vattenekosystemet att bli negativt påverkade. Rapporten ger en bild över ekosystemtjänsternas nuvarande tillstånd och hur klimatförändringar, med ökade översvämningsrisker i Sverige kan påverka tillståndet i framtiden. Översvämning kan leda till läckage av näringsämnen, humusämnen, avloppsvatten, föroreningar och därmed också påverka vattenkvaliteten och ekosystemen i vattnet. Av de ekosystemtjänster som undersöks i denna studie kommer viktiga stödjande ekosystemtjänster som biologisk mångfald och livsmiljö samt reglerande ekosystemtjänster som reglering av övergödning potentiellt påverkas negativt av översvämning. För att undvika att detta sker är det viktigt med fortsatt forskning och analys över tillstånd och åtgärder som kan minimera negativ påverkan på ekosystemtjänsterna i samband med ett förändrat klimat

The development and evaluation of exercises in meaningful word practice in grade one

Research chapter for this study will be found in Ash, Dorothea: "Development and evaluation of silent reading exercises in grade one" Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

The development and evaluation of exercises in meaningful word practice in grade one

Research chapter for this study will be found in Ash, Dorothea: "Development and evaluation of silent reading exercises in grade one" Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Can A Rational Choice Framework Make Sense of Anorexia Nervosa?

Can a rational choice modeling framework help broaden our understanding of anorexia nervosa? This question is interesting because anorexia nervosa is a serious health concern, and because of the following issue: could a rational choice approach shed useful light on a condition which appears to involve "choosing" to be ill? We present a model of weight choice and dieting applicable to anorexia nervosa, and the sometimes-associated purging behavior. We also present empirical evidence about factors possibly contributing to anorexia nervosa. We offer this analysis as a consciousness-raising way of thinking about the condition.

Brief of Amici Curiae Health Law & Policy Scholars and Prescription Policy Choices in Support of Respondents on the Constitutional Validity of the Medicaid Expansion

The Medicaid expansion in Section 2001(a)(1)(C) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is one part of Congress’s comprehensive effort to expand access to health care coverage. This expansion is not revolutionary, but builds on many prior statutory amendments to Medicaid. Nor does it alter the voluntary nature of the Medicaid program – as before, States remain free to decline federal funding. The Petitioners and their amici have mischaracterized the expansion to obscure these facts, hoping this Court will unravel this hard-fought legislative enactment. The question presented is whether Congress may offer States generous additional funding for Medicaid, with spending conditions that entirely satisfy the four-part test in South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203 (1987)

Self-employment as a means to women\u27s economic self-sufficiency: Women Venture\u27s business development program

While the feminization of poverty has been widely recognized as a global phenomenon in recent years, the term originated in the United States where the number of women and women-headed households living in poverty is growing. This is especially true in the inner cities where fewer unskilled jobs remain; likewise, in rural communities, many factories have closed, family farming is declining, and few other nonfarm options are available. Today these American women face many of the same obstacles that limit women\u27s economic participation in all parts of the world. This issue of SEEDS focuses on the evolution of WomenVenture\u27s business development program—a model that has provided a way of helping women start businesses and become self-sufficient without incurring overwhelming risks. WomenVenture serves as an example of interest to other organizations seeking to help women become self-employed