Agricultural reuse of water and nutrients from wastewater treatment in Turkey

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG01.02.2012Atıksu arıtma tesisleri işletilmeye başlatıldığı tarihten bu yana hem kentsel hem de endüstriyel alanlarda çevre korunmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Ancak konvansiyonel atıksu arıtma teknikleri modern bir sürdürülebilir kaynak yönetimi gereksinimlerini çoğunlukla sağlayamamaktadır. Bu teknolojilerinin ana özelliği nutrient ve karbon kaynağı gibi atıksu içinde bulunan değerli kaynakları ve kirleticileri ortadan kaldırılmaktır. Diğer bir deyişle konvansiyonel atıksu arıtma teknolojileri doğal kaynaklardan değerli nutrient kaynakların kaybına sebep olmaktadır. Özellikle yüksek su ve nutrient talebi olan bölgelerde, yenilikçi atıksu arıtma sistemleri ile değerli bileşiklerin kullanılmasını sağalamak gerekmektedir. Atıksu artık bir atık olarak görülmemeli, yeniden kullanılabilir ve değerli kaynakların bir karışımı olarak kabul edilmelidir. Suyun yeniden kullanımı tarımsal sulamada, çevre sulamada, endüstriyel geri dönüşümde ve yeraltı suyu geri beslemesinde umut verici bir kaynak olarak gösterilmektedir. Tüm bu uygulamalar arasında tarım en büyük bölümü temsil eder ve bu ihtiyaç gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yüksek bir ivmeyle artmaktadır. Bu projede, Türkiye'de atıksuyun yeniden kullanılabilirliğine yönelik yapılan potansiyel çalışması sonuçları ve belirli bölgelerde atıksuyun yeniden kullanılabilirliğinin teknoloji açısından değerlendirilmesi sunulmuştur. Yeni ve yenilikçi bir yaklaşım olarak, sunulan koşullar altında en iyi teknolojiyi belirlemek için modüler atıksu arıtma tesisi tasarımları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, farklı senaryolar için sistemlerin enerji tüketimi ve enerji üretimi; bunun yanı sıra yatırım ve işletme giderleri analiz edilebilir. Sonuçlar göstermektedir ki atıksuyun geri kullanımı özellikle tarımsal üretime katkı sağlamaktadır. 1.000 MWh’dan fazla enerji tasarrufu sağlanabilmekte ve tarımsal faaliyetlerde kullanılabilecek ek fosfor ve azot kaynağı oluşturulabilecektir. Sonuç olarak, eğer bir atıksu arıtma tesisi yapılacaksa veya bir tesiste değişiklikler öngörülüyorsa, modüler atıksu arıtma tesisi tasarımları kullanılarak geri kullanım açısından en uygun sistem seçilebilecektir.Wastewater treatment systems have undoubtedly improved environmental protection in urban and industrial areas since their introduction. However it has to be considered that conventional wastewater treatment techniques are mostly incompatible with the requirements of a modern sustainable resource management. The main characteristics of these end-of-pipe technologies is an extensive resource demand and elimination of valuable resources contained in wastewater such as nutrients and energy. In other words, conventional wastewater treatment technologies withdraw nutrients from the natural cycle thus interrupting the resource cycles. Especially in regions with high water and nutrient demand, innovative systems should be developed and implemented in order to allow a reuse of wastewater or its valuable compounds. Wastewater should no more be considered as an interfering waste product but rather as a mixture of valuable resources which should be recovered. Water reclamation has been shown to be promising in agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation, industrial recycling and reuse and groundwater recharge. Among all applications agriculture represents the large reuse volume and accelerating increase is expected in developing countries. In this study, the results of an on-going international joint research project, aiming to determine the potential and feasibility of wastewater reuse techniques in specific regions in Turkey, are presented. As a new and innovative approach, a modular concept estimating best available technology for a given set of conditions has been developed. In this context, energy demand and energy production as well as investment and operating costs of considered modules can be analysed. Over 1.000 MWh can be saved by adopting the existing WWTP to agricultural reuse concepts while supplying the local farmers with additional phosphorus and nitrogen. As a result, transferring the modular investigation to cases where the wastewater treatment system has to be newly constructed, the overall most reasonable option can be identified

İzmir bölgesindeki atıksu arıtımından gelen suyun ve besin maddelerinin tarımda yeniden kullanılması.

Rapid urbanization and population growth have represented a great challenge to water resources management, since wastewater generated in urban areas forms a non-conventional source, wastewater reuse is being recognized as a sustainable water management approach. This study focuses on with the potential and practibility of implementing wastewater reuse techniques in İzmir region, especially with the aim to use treated wastewater and nutrient for agriculture. To this end, qualititative and quantitative agricultural water demand were considered. This thesis introduces a wastewater reuse planning model and optimization method with an emphasis on the wastewater treatment technology used as well as the agricultural demand in the area of the study. The model was developed with considerations over water quality, wastewater treatment and discharge. The objective of the model is to upgrade existing wastewater treatment plants or to design new treatment plants in regard to reuse wastewater in agriculture. The model is also capable of comparing treatment technologies from the point of design and cost. Three case studies were represented so as to demonstrate the modeling process and optimization studies for agricultural irrigation.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Preoperative Differentiation Between Malignant and Benign Ovarian Masses in Patients with Normal CA-125 Levels

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the diagnostic values of some clinical and ultrasonographic features for predicting ovarian malignancies in patients with normal serum CA-125 levels. STUDY DESIGN: All of the 84 patients who were diagnosed with ovarian malignancy and 168 patients with benign adnexal mass had normal CA-125 levels, and recruited as study and control groups, respectively. Individual characteristics, ultrasonographic features, and risk of malignancy index (RMI) values of the groups were compared retrospectively. RESULTS: The ages, mean postmenopausal period of the postmenopausal women in the malignant group were significantly higher than the benign group. Nulliparity rates were similar between the two groups. The number of postmenopausal patients was significantly higher in the malignant group. Median cyst diameter and RMI values were significantly higher, and bilaterality and presence of solid area were more frequent in this group. Logistic regression model showed that ovarian cysts larger than 8 cm [Odds ratio (OR): 7.012; p<0.001; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 3.463-14.198], presence of solid area within the cyst [OR: 7.43; p<0.001; 95% CI: 3.799-14.532], and postmenopausal state [OR: 2.893; p=0.027; 95% CI: 1.129-7.412] were found to be significant factors to predict malignancy. CONCLUSION: Ovarian cysts larger than 8 cm, presence of solid area within the cyst, and postmenopausal status are the most important risk factors for ovarian malignancies in these patients with normal CA-125 levels