Anestesia epidural obstétrica: actualización

Background: Childbirth is a great process that generates terrible pain, which can cause some complications, due to this, several alternatives have been innovated to reduce or control it, which have been used for years during childbirth. Methodology: A narrative review was carried out through various databases from 2018 to 2021; The search and selection of articles was carried out in journals indexed in English and Spanish. The following keywords were used: anesthesia, epidural, obstetric, update. Results: The objective of these techniques is pain relief at the time of labor, for which components have been implemented in epidural analgesia as obstetric care produced by either neuraxial, systematic or continuous analgesia, among others. We review the latest evidence on its effectiveness and safety. Conclusion: Pharmacological epidural analgesia continues to be the best option to relieve severe pain during childbirth, thanks to new updates and constant studies, these currently guarantee greater safety for both the mother and the babyAntecedentes El parto es un gran proceso que genera un terrible dolor, que puede generar algunas complicaciones, debido a esto, se han innovado varias alternativas para la disminución o el control de este, los cuales son utilizados desde hace años durante el parto. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión narrativa a través de diversas bases de datos desde el año 2018 al año 2021; la búsqueda y selección de artículos fue llevada a cabo en revistas indexadas en idioma inglés y español. Se utilizaron como palabras clave: anestesia, epidural, obstétrica, actualización. Resultados: El objetivo de estas técnicas es el alivio del dolor al momento del trabajo de parto, por lo cual se han implementado componentes en la analgesia epidural como cuidado obstétrico producido por analgesia ya sea neuroaxial, sistemática o continua, entre otras. Revisamos la evidencia más reciente sobre su efectividad y seguridad. Conclusión: La analgesia epidural farmacológica sigue siendo la mejor opción para aliviar los fuertes dolores durante el parto, gracias a las nuevas actualizaciones y a los estudios contantes estas garantizan mayor seguridad actualmente tanto para la madre como para él bebe

Barrier crossings and winds shape daily travel schedules and speeds of a flight generalist

External factors such as geography and weather strongly affect bird migration influencing daily travel schedules and flight speeds. For strictly thermal-soaring migrants, weather explains most seasonal and regional differences in speed. Flight generalists, which alternate between soaring and flapping flight, are expected to be less dependent on weather, and daily travel schedules are likely to be strongly influenced by geography and internal factors such as sex. We GPS-tracked the migration of 70 lesser kestrels (Falco naumanni) to estimate the relative importance of external factors (wind, geography), internal factors (sex) and season, and the extent to which they explain variation in travel speed, distance, and duration. Our results show that geography and tailwind are important factors in explaining variation in daily travel schedules and speeds. We found that wind explained most of the seasonal differences in travel speed. In both seasons, lesser kestrels sprinted across ecological barriers and frequently migrated during the day and night. Conversely, they travelled at a slower pace and mainly during the day over non-barriers. Our results highlighted that external factors far outweighed internal factors and season in explaining variation in migratory behaviour of a flight generalist, despite its ability to switch between flight modes.Peer reviewe