Hydrogeology of Sierra de Hinodejo Karst system (Iberian range, Spain)

El sistema kárstico de la Sierra de Hinodejo se ha desarrollado a fa-vor de un conjunto calcáreo del Cretácico Superior con geometría com-partimentada en estrechos sinclinales ocupados por acuíferos,con una capacidad de reservas subterráneas de entre 1.85 y 2,41 hm3. La recarga en este acuífero libre de 41 km2 de extensión es principalmente autóge-na y difusa. El flujo subterráneo va dirigido por el fondo de los sinclinales hacia los manantiales de Villabuena (121 l/s) y surgencias efímeras de la hoz del río Izana en aguas altas. Todas ellas de régimen muy variable. Son importantes las transferencias subterráneas al Terciario y Cretácico calcáreo de la Cuenca de Almazán. La parte pleniplanizada del norte ha conservado en gran medida el funcionamiento hidrogeológico des-de las primeras fases de la karstificación. La erosión y exhumación de cúpulas anticlinales cretácicos al sur durante el Cuaternario ha permi-tido la transferencia subterránea a manantiales efímeros asociados a importantes sistemas lagunares de cierre tobáceoThe Sierra de Hinodejo karst system has developed in favor of a calcareous group from the Upper Cretaceous. It is divided into narrow synclinal aquifers with a groundwater reserve capacity of between 1.85 and 2.41 hm3 It is a nonconfined aquifer of 41 km2 of extension where the natural recharge is mainly autogenous and di-ffuse. The groundwater flow is directed by the bottom of the synclines towards the Villabuena springs (121 l/s) and ephemeral springs of the Izana River gorge in high waters. All springs have a highly va-riable flow. Subterranean transfers to the Calcareous Tertiary and Cretaceous of the Almazán Basin are important. The flat northern part has preserved to a great extent the hydrogeological functioning of the first phases of karstification. The erosion and exhumation of Cretaceous anticlinal domes to the south during the Quaternary have allowed grounwater transfer to ephemeral springs associated with important tufface-closure lagoon system

Uso de RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) para la docencia y divulgación de las Ciencias de la Tierra

Proyecto de Innovación docente enfocado a la elaboración de material audiovisual digital modular basado en las imágenes obtenidas con dron y enfocado a la enseñanza a nivel de grado y master, así como a la divulgación científica.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasFALSEsubmitte

RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) para la elaboración de salidas de campo virtuales como recursos docentes “flipped classroom” para Grados relacionados con Ciencias de la Tierra

El principal objetivo del Proyecto es continuar con el desarrollo de material docente geológico y de recorridos de interés geológico virtuales además del uso de RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) aeronaves no tripuladas que permiten acercarse a zonas de difícil accesibilidad. Este proyecto pretende desarrollar prácticas de campo virtuales mediante el manejo de nuevas tecnologías, tanto usando métodos de adquisición y elaboración de datos geológicos (RPAS: Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) como para su presentación y uso de la información y comunicación (TICs)

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Simulation of Groundwater Flow in an Aquiclude for Designing a Drainage System during Urban Construction: A Case Study in Madrid, Spain

A detailed hydrogeological study was carried out due to the recent occurrence of unexpected problems associated with the flooding of the water table during excavations in the area of a major urbanization work in Madrid. The numerous exploratory drilling excavations carried out allowed for the development of a conceptual model of the complex hydrogeological functioning in clay formations in an urban area. The clays have very little natural recharge, and the underground flow is highly conditioned by the topography and a fold-fault. Modelling with MODDFLOW confirmed and quantified this conceptual model and also allowed for the design of an efficient network of 1.5 km-long drainage trenches. The design of this drainage network was influenced by the difficult balance that must be respected in order not to contaminate the water with sulphates from the nearby gypsum substrate. This is to guarantee the quantitative and qualitative sustainability of the groundwater. The follow-up and monitoring of the water tables and the quality of the groundwater for more than a year after the excavation of the drainage trenches guaranteed the results of the research

Simulation of Groundwater Flow in an Aquiclude for Designing a Drainage System during Urban Construction: A Case Study in Madrid, Spain

A detailed hydrogeological study was carried out due to the recent occurrence of unexpected problems associated with the flooding of the water table during excavations in the area of a major urbanization work in Madrid. The numerous exploratory drilling excavations carried out allowed for the development of a conceptual model of the complex hydrogeological functioning in clay formations in an urban area. The clays have very little natural recharge, and the underground flow is highly conditioned by the topography and a fold-fault. Modelling with MODDFLOW confirmed and quantified this conceptual model and also allowed for the design of an efficient network of 1.5 km-long drainage trenches. The design of this drainage network was influenced by the difficult balance that must be respected in order not to contaminate the water with sulphates from the nearby gypsum substrate. This is to guarantee the quantitative and qualitative sustainability of the groundwater. The follow-up and monitoring of the water tables and the quality of the groundwater for more than a year after the excavation of the drainage trenches guaranteed the results of the research

Groundwater Hydraulics in Increased Spring Discharge following Earthquakes: Some Applications and Considerations

Earthquakes often entail alterations in the groundwater flow regime, in the phreatic level, surges and losses of springs, and the discharge in brooks. A variety of theoretical approaches attempt to elucidate the post-earthquake effects on spring discharge. This study adopts a conceptual approach, primarily presenting diverse methods to estimate water released by earthquakes involving calculations of discharge surpluses in springs. This study delves into refined techniques rooted in groundwater hydraulics, displaying applications of analytical and simulation methodologies to quantify earthquake-induced groundwater discharge in springs. This research investigates springs as natural indicators and applies mathematical precipitation–runoff models, particularly the CREC model, to simulate hydrographs in post-earthquake scenarios. We apply analytical procedures or mathematical simulation techniques employed in groundwater hydraulics for natural aquifer recharge calculations. Firstly, we briefly describe the methods based on the analysis of depletion curves of hydrographs in spring discharge. Additionally, specific mathematical rainfall–runoff models used to simulate hydrographs of karstic springs, along with derived analytical approximations, are adapted for this scenario. These hydraulic calculations involve the depletion coefficient and hydrodynamic volumes of aquifers, parameters that reveal certain aspects of the relation between groundwater and earthquakes. Three main features are: (a) Acknowledging faults as the primary geological structures in transmitting pore pressures due to earthquakes. Thus, for large and deep faults, which connect the ground surface with the Earth’s crust bottom—where earthquakes trigger—the depletion coefficient, α, usually reaches high values (α = 0.1 days−1). Therefore, these faults become more sensitive to pore pressure than other lithologies. (b) Elucidating the mechanisms of permeability enhancement caused by earthquakes. (c) Highlighting the substantial volumes in motion within the Earth’s interior, which, for instance, could constitute a significant source for the origin of mineral deposits. Mathematical calculations enable the determination of the volume of mobilized water that can be discharged by gravity in each earthquake. This, along with its recurrence, justifies the substantial mineralization volumes

Innovation in virtual contents via digital technologies: 3D Geological Models and virtual field trips in Earth Sciences subjects.

La adquisición de datos digitales nos ha llevado a obtener Modelos 3D de afloramientos de campo y de muestra rocosas que permiten establecer una enseñanza en detalle de numerosos aspectos docentes en la mayoría de las asignaturas de los grados de Geología, Ingeniería Geológica y en asignaturas relacionadas con la Geología en el Grado de Ingeniería Civil y Territorial. Los modelos tridimensionales, además de favorecer la observación de la realidad, facilitan la compresión y el análisis de materiales geológicos y aportan un valor añadido a las prácticas de campo y de laboratorio tradicionales, ya que el acceso a la hoja web donde están incluidos los modelos 3D permite el aprendizaje y la observación desde diferentes dispositivos electrónicos de forma inmediata y rápida. El estudio de rocas en muestra de mano es de vital importancia para un Geólogo o un Ingeniero civil, ya que representa la primera aproximación que realiza de reconocimiento de las características del terreno. Estos modelos realizados presentan una gran calidad de datos, con alta precisión, proporcionando una forma sencilla y económica de documentar material rocoso para distintos ámbitos, desde colecciones docentes a colecciones museísticas o incluso siendo de utilidad para realizar investigación.The acquisition of digital data has led us to obtain 3D models of field outcrops and rock samples that allow to establish a detailed teaching of numerous educational aspects in most of the subjects of the degrees of Geology, Geological Engineering and subjects related to Geology in the Degree of Civil and Territorial Engineering. Three-dimensional models, in addition to favoring the observation of reality, facilitate the compression and analysis of geological materials and provide added value to traditional field and laboratory practices, since access to the web page where the models are included 3D allows learning and observation from different electronic devices immediately and quickly. The study of rocks in a hand sample is of vital importance for a Geologist or a Civil Engineer, since it represents the first approximation made to recognize the characteristics of the terrain. These models have a high quality of data, with high precision, providing a simple and inexpensive way to document rock material for different areas, from teaching collections to museum collections or even being useful for research.Depto. de Mineralogía y PetrologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasFALSEProyecto Innovación Docente UCMsubmitte