Effect of lipase from different source on high fat content wastewater of dairy industry

244-250Wastewaters of dairy industry usually present high fat contents. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of different sources of lipase such as lipase contains raw milk, crude lipase from groundnuts extract, fat degrading microorganism from up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) culture in nutrient broth and lipase producing microorganism from UASBR culture in a selective media inoculated in holding tank dairy wastewater. Pretreatment of 250 ml dairy wastewater with 10 ml lipase contain sample was optimized under anaerobic condition for 72 hrs at 37ºC. Analytical parameters pH, fat content (FC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total solids (TS) were analysed in each treatment process. The results showed that pH of the samples were maintained, the UASBR culture inoculated in selective media degraded the maximum amount of fat; similarly maximum amount of COD and TS were reduced in the selective media treated sample as compared to others treatment process. This study illustrated that application of an enzymatic pretreatment process to hydrolyze and dissolve fats may improve the biological degradation of high fat content in wastewaters. Moreover, pretreatment of wastewater from different lipase sources are new and promising application for lipases. Thus, it is apparent that use of this enzymatic biological treatment can serve an alternative for treatment of Soybean casein digest Soybean casein digest Soybean casein digest Soybean casein digest fat containing wastewater and to provide pollution free environment

Role of Pharmacovigilance in India: An overview

Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a key role in the healthcare system through assessment, monitoring and discovery of interactions amongst drugs and their effects in human. Pharmaceutical and biotechnological medicines are designed to cure, prevent or treat diseases; however, there are also risks particularly adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can cause serious harm to patients. Thus, for safety medication ADRs monitoring required for each medicine throughout its life cycle, during development of drug such as pre-marketing including early stages of drug design, clinical trials, and post-marketing surveillance. PV is concerns with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of ADRs. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are an indispensable part of the clinical research. Variation in the human genome is a cause of variable response to drugs and susceptibility to diseases are determined, which is important for early drug discovery to PV. Moreover, PV has traditionally involved in mining spontaneous reports submitted to national surveillance systems. The research focus is shifting toward the use of data generated from platforms outside the conventional framework such as electronic medical records, biomedical literature, and patient-reported data in health forums. The emerging trend in PV is to link premarketing data with human safety information observed in the post-marketing phase. The PV system team obtains valuable additional information, building up the scientific data contained in the original report and making it more informative. This necessitates an utmost requirement for effective regulations of the drug approval process and conscious pre and post approval vigilance of the undesired effects, especially in India. Adverse events reported by PV system potentially benefit to the community due to their proximity to both population and public health practitioners, in terms of language and knowledge, enables easy contact with reporters by electronically. Hence, PV helps to the patients get well and to manage optimally or ideally, avoid illness is a collective responsibility of industry, drug regulators, clinicians and other healthcare professionals to enhance their contribution to public health. This review summarized objectives and methodologies used in PV with critical overview of existing PV in India, challenges to overcome and future prospects with respect to Indian context

Role of Pharmacovigilance in India: An overview

Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a key role in the healthcare system through assessment, monitoring and discovery of interactions amongst drugs and their effects in human. Pharmaceutical and biotechnological medicines are designed to cure, prevent or treat diseases; however, there are also risks particularly adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can cause serious harm to patients. Thus, for safety medication, ADRs monitoring required for each medicine throughout its life cycle, during development of drug such as pre-marketing including early stages of drug design, clinical trials, and post-marketing surveillance. PV is concerns with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of ADRs. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are an indispensable part of the clinical research. Variation in the human genome is a cause of variable response to drugs and susceptibility to diseases are determined, which is important for early drug discovery to PV. Moreover, PV has traditionally involved in mining spontaneous reports submitted to national surveillance systems. The research focus is shifting toward the use of data generated from platforms outside the conventional framework such as electronic medical records, biomedical literature, and patient-reported data in health forums. The emerging trend in PV is to link premarketing data with human safety information observed in the post-marketing phase. The PV system team obtains valuable additional information, building up the scientific data contained in the original report and making it more informative. This necessitates an utmost requirement for effective regulations of the drug approval process and conscious pre and post approval vigilance of the undesired effects, especially in India. Adverse events reported by PV system potentially benefit to the community due  to their proximity to both population and public health practitioners, in terms of language and knowledge, enables easy contact with reporters by electronically. Hence, product safety PV helps to the patients get well, and to manage optimally, or ideally avoid, illness is a collective responsibility of industry, drug regulators, and clinicians and other healthcare professionals. This review summarized objectives and methodologies used in PV with critical overview of existing PV in India, challenges to overcome and future prospects with respect to Indian context.Keywords: Pharmacovigilance; Adverse drug reaction; Clinical trials; Pharmacogenomics; Data mining; Indian Pharmacopoeia Commissio

Ambazari lake water treatment using hybrid membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration system

Advanced water treatment methods are needed for good quality of lake water. In this study, the hybrid membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) system was investigated to treat Ambazari lake water. The performance of the hybrid system was checked as removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and permeate flow rate (PFR). All parameters in the hybrid MBR-NF system were operated batch-wise for 5 h. The COD and BOD removal efficiencies were observed to be 95.67 % and 94.64 %, respectively. TDS removal efficiency was obtained to be 92.33%. The highest TSS removal efficiency was reported to be 36.0 % for airflow rates of 1.0 L/min. The pH variation at different airflow rates was found to be significantly low. Hence, from above information, we conclude that this hybrid system treated Ambazari lake water successfully. The treated water had high quality as good as potable water

Protective effects of different antioxidants against endosulfan-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in albino rats

723-729Endosulfan exposure (8 and 16mg/kg) to rats significantly decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, level of reduced glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation. The primary and secondary antiSRBC antibody titers, plaque forming cells counts and delayed hypersensivity reaction, and the TH1 or TH2 cytokines levels were significantly suppressed in a dose dependent manner. L-ascorbic acid and -tocopherol produced a synergistic reversal of oxidative stress parameters following endosulfan exposure. N-acetylcysteine produced significant reversal of altered oxidative stress parameters and immune response after endosulfan exposure. A significant attenuation of the oxidative stress markers and immunotoxicity with a combined therapy of L-ascorbic acid plus -tocopherol and with N-acetylcysteine was clearly demonstrated by the present results

Melatonin treatment prevents modulation of cell-mediated immune response induced by propoxur in rats

278-281The effect of melatonin, a major secretory product of the pineal gland, in attenuation of propoxur (2-isopropoxy phenyl N-methyl carbamate)-induced modulation of cell- mediated immune (CMI) response was studied in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were exposed to propoxur (a widely used pesticide) orally (10 mg/kg) and/or melatonin (10 mg/kg) orally for 4 weeks. CMI was measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), leucocyte and macrophage migration inhibition (LMI and MMI) responses and estimation of cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ levels. Rats exposed to propoxur for 4 weeks showed significant decrease in DTH, LMI and MMI responses. Propoxur also suppressed TNF-α and IFN-γ production significantly. Administration of melatonin alone caused a significant increase in DTH response. Although there were no changes in the LMI and MMI response, the cytokine levels were significantly increased, as compared to control. Co-administration of melatonin along with propoxur significantly nullified the effect of the pesticide on the CMI response, except DTH and reversed levels of cytokines to near control/normal values. Thus, melatonin treatment considerably attenuated immunomodulation caused by sub-chronic treatment of propoxur in experimental animals

Immunotoxicity of phosphamidon following subchronic exposure in albino rats

316-320Effect of subchronic doses of phosphamidon exposure on humoral and cell mediated immune (CMI) responses were studied in male albino rats using SRBC, ovalbumin and KLH as antigens. Humoral immune responses were assessed by estimating antibody titre against antigen and splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) assay. CMI responses were studied by using leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI), macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Results obtained in the present study revealed marked suppression of humoral and CMI responses in a dose dependent pattern. Hence, suppression of immune responses by phosphamidon even at subchronic doses is clearly an important aspect for its safety evaluation

Xenobiotic-induced Immune Alterations: Implications in Health and Disease

7-15Immune function may be significantly altered following occupational, inadvertent or therapeutic exposure to chemically diverse xenobiotics. The environmental chemicals like pesticides, halogenated hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, organic solvents, asbestos, silica, heavy metals etc. may interact with both cellular and humoral components of the immune system which can result in altered immune status that in turn may lead to decreased resistance to infection, certain forms of neoplasia or in some cases exacerbate allergy or autoimmunity. Recent advances in pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics have contributed a lot to delineate the mechanism of interaction of xenobiotics with the biological system at the cellular and molecular level. However, detection of immune changes on exposure to immunotoxic agents is highly complex, especially in humans due to several confounding factors like age, sex, race gender, co- existence of disease, food habits, smoking etc. Thus, establishing a quantitative relationship between immunotoxicological data and risk assessment, following xenobiotic exposure is still a challenge. The present article reviews the immune alterations caused by exposure to variety of xenobiotics, and their implications in health and disease

Protective effect of melatonin against propoxur-induced oxidative stress and suppression of humoral immune response in rats

312-315Effect of melatonin in attenuation of propoxur induced oxidative stress and suppression of humoral immune response was studied in rats. Oral administration of propoxur (10 mg/kg) increased lipid peroxidation in serum after 28 days treatment. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione were also altered following propoxur exposure. In addition propoxur exposure markedly suppressed humoral immune response as assessed by antibody titre and plaque forming cell assay. Simultaneous treatment with melatonin (5 mg/kg, ip) markedly attenuated the effect of propoxur on (a) lipid peroxidation, (b) oxidative stress parameters and (c) immunotoxicity. Results have been discussed in the light of possible immunopotentiating and antioxidant effects of melatonin to understand the influence of oxidative stress on propoxur induced immunomodulation