Estimation of water use and crop coefficients for an intensive olive orchard using sap flow measurements and modeled data

Olive tree sap flow measurements were collected in an intensive orchard near Évora, Portugal, during the irrigation seasons of 2013 and 2014, to calculate daily tree transpiration rates (T_SF). Meteorological variables were also collected to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Both data were used to assess values of basal crop coefficient (Kcb) for the period of the sap flow observations. The soil water balance model SIMDualKc was calibrated with soil, biophysical ground data and sap flow measurements collected in 2013. Validated in 2014 with collected sap flow observations, the model was used to provide estimates of dual e single crop coefficients for 2014 crop growing season. Good agreement between model simulated daily transpiration rates and those obtained with sapflow measurements was observed for 2014 (R2=0.76, RMSE=0.20 mm d-1), the year of validation, with an estimation average absolute error (AAE) of 0.20 mm d-1. Olive modeled daily actual evapotranspiration resulted in atual ETc values of 0.87, 2.05 and 0.77 mm d-1 for 2014 initial, mid- and end-season, respectively. Actual crop coefficient (Kc act) values of 0.51, 0.43 and 0.67 were also obtained for the same periods, respectively. Higher Kc values during spring (initial stage) and autumn (end-stage) were published in FAO56, varying between 0.65 for Kc ini and 0.70 for Kc end. The lower Kc mid value of 0.43 obtained for the summer (mid-season) is also inconsistent with the FAO56 expected Kc mid value of 0.70 for the period. The modeled Kc results are more consistent with the ones published by Allen & Pereira [1] for olive orchards with effective ground cover of 0.25 to 0.5, which vary between 0.40 and 0.80 for Kc ini, 0.40–0.60 for Kc mid with no active ground cover, and 0.35–0.75 for Kc end, depending on ground cover. The SIMDualKc simulation model proved to be appropriate for obtaining evapotranspiration and crop coefficient values for our intensive olive orchard in southern Portugal

Olive water use and crop coefficients from energy balance and radiometric canopy temperatures

Biophysical and meteorological variables as well as radiometric canopy temperatures were collected in an intensive orchard near Évora, Portugal, with 28% ground cover by canopy and combined in a simplified two-source energy balance model (STSEB) to independently calculate the olive tree transpiration (T_STSEB) component of the total evapotranspiration (ETc). Sap flow observations were simultaneously taken in the same orchard allowing also for independent calculations of tree transpiration (T_SF). Model water use results were compared with water use estimates from the sap flow measurements. Good agreement was observed (R2=0.86, RMSE=0.20 mm d-1), with an estimation average absolute error (AAE) of 0.17 mm d-1. From June to August, on average olive water use were 1.92 and 1.89 mm d-1 for sap flow and STSEB model respectively, and 1.38 and 1.58 mm d-1 for the month of September. Results were also used to assess the olive basal crop coefficients (Kcb). Kcb estimates of 0.33 were obtained for sap flow and STSEB model, respectively, for June to August, and of 0.44 and 0.53 for the month of September. Basal crop coefficients were lower than the suggested FAO56 average Kcb values of 0.65 for June to August, the crop mid-season growth stage, and of 0.65 for the month of September, the end-season

Caracterização e avaliação de acessos de coqueiro-anão.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar acessos de coqueiro-anão, validando os descritores mínimos da lista proposta pela UPOV e identificar cultivares exemplo. O trabalho foi realizado no Campo Experimental de Itaporanga d’Ajuda, no Banco de Germoplasma de Coco, avaliando os acessos anão-verde-do-Brasil-de-Jiqui (AVeBrJ), anão-vermelho-de-Gramame (AVG) e anão-amarelo-de-Gramame (AAG) por meio de descritores morfológicos e agronômicos. Os acessos foram implantados em 2003, no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições, com parcela composta por 16 plantas, no espaçamento de 7,5 x 7,5 x7,5 m. Os acessos foram avaliados utilizando a lista descritiva proposta pela UPOV, em comparação com a lista do (IPGRI, 1995) utilizando os seguintes descritores: altura do estipe (AE), circunferência do estipe a 20cm (CE20), comprimento da folha (CPE), largura da folha (LPE), espessura do pecíolo (EPE), comprimento da ráquis (CF) e número total de folíolos (NFOL). Foi possível avaliar, de forma preliminar, os descritores propostos. Observou-se valores diferenciais entre os acessos mas, ainda não é possível estabelecer diferenciação e identificação de cultivares exemplos apenas com base nos descritores relatados

DIFICULDADES DA ENFERMAGEM NO MANEJO DA HANSENÍASE NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA

In the last decade, Brazil presented a reduction of 37.1% in the number of new cases of leprosy, from 40,100 diagnosed in 2007 to 25,2 thousand in 2016. This reduction corresponds to the fall of 42, 3% of the country's general detection rate (from 21.19 / 100 thousand inhabitants in 2007 to 12.23 / 100 thousand inhabitants in 2016). Of the total number of new cases registered, 1.6 thousand (6.72%) were diagnosed in children under 15 years old, signaling active outbreaks of infection and recent transmission, and 7,2 thousand started treatment with some disability, of which 1,7 thousand with Degree of Physical Disability 2. This study had as general objective to demonstrate the difficulties of nursing in the Management of Leprosy in Primary Care. Among the specific objectives the research aims to verify the impact and consequences of the insecurity and the lack of conditions for the adequate care to patients with leprosy diagnosis and to highlight the importance of nursing care in primary health for the early diagnosis. An integrative research was carried out, where 14 articles were used that demonstrated the main difficulties in the management of leprosy. The results showed that the most published years were in 2010 and 2018, with four publications respectively. Some regions, such as the north, northeast and center-west, with lower purchasing power, the incidence is increasing, making precocious diagnosis precarious. It was verified that the knowledge about the disease shows itself to be fragile, directly impacting the diagnosis and treatment. The treatment of leprosy remains insufficient due to its non - adhesion. Surveillance is fragile in the leprosy control process and in the conclusion of the treatment, thus interfering in the early abandonment of the medication by these patients. It was also concluded that most of the cases of death in the endemic regions occurred due to complications of leprosy, and that large parts of these deaths were of males, elderly people and people of brown or black color, with a low level of education.Na última década, o Brasil apresentou uma redução de 37,1 % no número de casos novos de hanseníase, passando de 40,1 mil diagnosticados no ano de 2007, para 25,2 mil em 2016. Tal redução corresponde à queda de 42,3% da taxa de detecção geral do país (de 21,19/100 mil hab. em 2007 para 12,23/100 mil hab. em 2016). Do total de casos novos registrados, 1,6 mil (6,72%) foram diagnosticados em menores de 15 anos, sinalizando focos de infecção ativos e transmissão recente, e 7,2 mil iniciaram tratamento com alguma incapacidade, sendo 1,7 mil com grau de incapacidade física. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral demonstrar as dificuldades da enfermagem no Manejo da Hanseníase na Atenção Primária. Dentre os objetivos específicos a pesquisa visa: verificar o impacto e consequências da insegurança e a falta de condições para o atendimento adequado aos pacientes com diagnóstico de hanseníase e evidenciar a importância da assistência de enfermagem na saúde primária, para o diagnóstico precoce. Foi realizada uma pesquisa integrativa, onde foram utilizados 14 artigos que demonstraram quais as principais dificuldades no manejo da Hanseníase. Os resultados demonstraram que os anos que mais ocorreram publicações foram 2010 e 2018, com quatro publicações respectivamente. Algumas regiões como o norte, o nordeste e o centro-oeste, de poder aquisitivo mais baixo, a incidência se acentua, tornando precário o diagnóstico precoce. Constatou-se que o conhecimento sobre a doença mostra-se fragilizado, impactando diretamente no diagnóstico e no tratamento. O tratamento da hanseníase mantendo – se insuficiente, devido a sua não adesão. A vigilância mostra-se fragilizada no processo de controle da hanseníase e na conclusão do tratamento, interferindo assim no abandono precoce da medicação por parte desses pacientes. Concluiu-se também que a maioria dos casos de óbito nas regiões endêmicas, ocorreu por complicações da hanseníase, e que grandes partes desses óbitos eram de pessoas do sexo masculino, pessoa idosa e pessoa de cor parda ou preta, com baixo grau de instrução