The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Casca De Arroz Quimicamente Tratada Como Adsorvente De Baixo Custo Para A Remoção De íons Metálicos (co2+ And Ni2+)

Rice husk is an agricultural byproduct and its final disposition has been a serious environmental problem. However, it can be conveniently applied to the sorption of undesirable species from aqueous medium. This work investigated the sorption characteristics for Co2+ (aq) and Ni2+ (aq) ions and the best conditions of the sorption processes onto in nature (IN) and modified rice husks. Chemical treatments were performed by treating rice husk with phosphoric acid (AF) and phosphoric acid/urea (AFU). The experiments were conducted in aqueous solution, pH 4.8, and under constant temperature (28 ± 1 °C) and stirring. Kinetics and isotherms models were applied to the experimental data. The observed order for the maximum adsorption capacities (mmol.g-1) were: Co2+: 0.10 IN < 0.80 AF < 1.60 AFU, and Ni2+: 0.08 IN < 0.55 AFU < 0.75 AF.8358860

Protective Effect Of γ-tocopherol-enriched Diet On N-methyl-n-nitrosourea-induced Epithelial Dysplasia In Rat Ventral Prostate

Summary: Despite recent advances in understanding the biological basis of prostate cancer (PCa), the management of this disease remains a challenge. Chemoprotective agents have been used to protect against or eradicate prostate malignancies. Here, we investigated the protective effect of γ-tocopherol on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP). Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8): control (CT): healthy control animals fed a standard diet; control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT): healthy control animals without intervention fed a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet (20 mg/kg); N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU): rats that received a single dose of MNU (30 mg/kg) plus testosterone propionate (100 mg/kg) and were fed a standard diet; and MNU+γ-tocopherol (MNU+γT): rats that received the same treatment of MNU plus testosterone and were fed with a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet (20 mg/kg). After 4 months, the VPs were excised to evaluate morphology, cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) and androgen receptor (AR) protein expression, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. An increase in the incidence of epithelial dysplasias, such as stratified epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, in the MNU group was accompanied by augmented cell proliferation, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression and pro-MMP-9 activity. Stromal thickening and inflammatory foci were also observed. The administration of a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP. The incidence of epithelial dysplasia decreased, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression. The gelatinolytic activity of pro-MMP-9 returned to the levels observed for the CT group. 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High Performance Maleated Lignocellulose Epicarp Fibers For Copper Ion Removal

Natural lignocellulosic fiber epicarp extracted from the babassu coconut (Orbignya speciosa) was chemically modified through reaction with molten maleic anhydride without solvent, with incorporation of 189.34 mg g-1 of carboxylic acid groups into the biopolymer structure. The success of this reaction was also confirmed by the presence of carboxylic acid bands at 1741 and 1164 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum. Identically, the same group is observed through13C NMR CP/MAS in the solid state, via high field signals in the 167 pm region. Both the precursor and the immobilized maleated biopolymers presented nearly the same thermal stability and similar crystallinity to cellulose. However, the pendant carboxylic groups have the ability to remove copper with maximum sorption through a batchwise process at pH 6.0, as expected from the point of zero charge, determined to be 6.45. The sorption kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich-chemisorption and intra-particle diffusion models and the equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, the Freundlich and Tenkim isotherm models. Taking into account a statistical error function and determination coefficients, the data were fit to the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, with a maximum sorption capacity of copper ions of 55.09 mg g-1. This value suggests the application of this biopolymer with incorporated carboxylate groups as a favorable agent for copper removal from appropriate systems.311183193Babel, S., Kurniawan, T.A., Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: A review (2003) J. Hazard. Mater., B97, p. 219Boonamnuayvitaya, V., Chaiya, C., Tanthapanichakoon, W., Jarudilokkul, S., Removal of heavy metals by adsorbent prepared from pyrolyzed coffee residues and clay (2004) Sep. Purif. 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Estrutura populacional e biologia reprodutiva de Parastacus defossus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae)

Este trabalho descreve a estrutura populacional e aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Parastacus defossus Faxon, 1898, uma espécie com hábito fossorial que passa sua vida no interior de galerias subterrâneas. Aproximadamente 30 exemplares foram coletados mensalmente, de janeiro de 2003 a agosto de 2005 na região do Lami, Município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Registrou-se o comprimento mínimo, máximo e médio da carapaça de machos, fêmeas, juvenis e animais com ootestículo. Analisou-se a distribuição de freqüência por classes de tamanho, a proporção sexual, o recrutamento e o período reprodutivo. Foram amostrados um total de 766 exemplares, 315 machos (41,12%), 278 fêmeas (36,30%), 166 juvenis (21,67%) e sete animais com ootestículo (0,91%). Machos e fêmeas estiveram presentes durante todos os meses de amostragem e em todas as classes de tamanho, sendo que a maior freqüência de indivíduos foi registrada nas classes de tamanho ente 24 a 30 mm. A maior freqüência de juvenis foi observada na primavera/2003 e verão/2005. Diferenças significativas no tamanho de machos e fêmeas foram registradas apenas nas classes de tamanho entre 26-30 mm. A proporção sexual no período amostral foi de 1:0,88 (x² = 2,3; p > 0,05) e entre as classes de tamanho foram constatadas diferenças significativas nas classes de tamanho 26-28 mm (x² = 5,43; p < 0,05) e 28-30 mm (x² = 4,77; p < 0,05) de comprimento de carapaça, nas quais os machos foram mais freqüentes. Das 278 fêmeas coletadas, apenas 17 estavam ovígeras (6,11%), sendo a estação reprodutiva bem definida na primavera.<br>This study investigates the population structure and the reproductive biology of Parastacus defossus Faxon, 1898, a fossorial species that spends its life inside subterranean tunnels. Around 30 specimens were collected each month in the region of Lami, municipality of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from January, 2003 to August, 2005. The minimum, the maximum, and the mean carapace length of males, females, juveniles and individuals with ootestis were recorded. The frequency distribution by size classes, the sexual proportion, the recruitment, and the reproductive period were analyzed. A total of 766 specimens were collected, from which 315 were males (41.12%), 278 were females (36.30%), 166 were juveniles (21.67%), and seven individuals had ootestis (0.91%). Males and females were present in all months and in all size classes. The highest frequency of individuals matched the size classes from 24 to 30 mm. The highest frequency of juveniles was recorded during the spring of 2003 and the summer 2005. Significant differences in the size of males and females were recorded in the size classes between 26 and 30 mm. The sex ratio between all males and females was 1:0.88 (x² = 2.3, p > 0.05). The proportion between males and females showed significant differences between the size classes 26-28 mm (x² = 5.43, p < 0.05) and 28-30 mm (x² = 4.77, p < 0.05) carapace length, were the number of males was highest. Of the 278 females, only 17 were ovigerous (6.11%) and the reproductive period was clearly restricted to the spring