Códigos producto de matrices

La Teoría de códigos es una rama de las matemáticas que lidia con el problema de la transmisión eficiente de un mensaje. En este trabajo, hablaremos de teoría de Códigos Correctores. Estos códigos son capaces de detectar y corregir errores que se hayan producido en la transmisión de un mensaje a través de un canal con ruido. En particular, nos centraremos en Códigos Lineales, una familia de códigos que tienen una codificación eficiente, definida por una aplicación lineal. Estudiaremos sus propiedades, para después definir una serie de construcciones de códigos interesantes. Posteriormente, generalizaremos estas construcciones previas definiendo el Código Producto de Matrices. Esta construcción nos permite crear un nuevo código de mayor longitud, a partir de códigos lineales más pequeños. Los parámetros de estos códigos vendrán definidos por los parámetros de los códigos pequeños, y la matriz que consideremos. Finalmente, describiremos un algoritmo de decodificación eficiente para este tipo de códigos, que corrige el número máximo posible de errores.Coding theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the problem of a message’s efficient transmission. In this work, we will talk about Error-correcting codes. These codes are capable of detecting and correcting errors that may have occurred during the transmission of the message through a noisy channel. Particularly, we will focus on Linear Codes, a family of codes which have an efficient encoding, defined by a linear map. We will study their properties, and later on, we will define some interesting code constructions. Hereafter, we will generalize the previous ones, defining the Matrix Product Codes. This construction allows us to create a new, longer code from tinier linear codes. These codes parameters will be defined by the parameters of the smaller codes and the matrix. Finally, we will describe an efficient decoding algorithm for this type of codes that corrects the maximum possible number of errors

A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality in Health Sciences: A Guide to Decision-Making in Higher Education

The objective of this study was to investigate the usability of the augmented reality (AR) in higher education in the area of health sciences to describe what type of interventions have been developed, their impact on various psychopedagogical aspects of the students as well as the main advantages, disadvantages and challenges in incorporating AR in the teaching-learning process. A systematic review was carried out in the CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE,Web of Science databases and the Google Scholar search engine. The search was limited to original research articles written in English, Spanish or Portuguese since 2014. The quality of the selected articles (n = 19) was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The applications and electronic devices used and the measurement instruments used were described. The use of AR made it easier for students to acquire skills, especially in courses with a high component of three-dimensional visualization, and positively influenced various aspects of the learning process such as motivation, satisfaction or autonomous learning. As an educational technological tool applied to higher education in health sciences, AR improves the teaching-learning process by influencing it in a multidimensional wayS

Effectiveness of augmented reality in learning about leg ulcer care: a quasi-experimental study in nursing students

Chronic wounds are a serious public health problem worldwide. Providing optimal treatment to patients suffering from leg ulcers is a priority for nursing. Therefore, nursing students need to acquire the necessary competencies to provide evidence-based care. Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging technology in health science education which can help nursing students achieve these skills if it is promoted by both institutions and educationalistsS

Psychological, social and health-related challenges in spanish older adults during the lockdown of the COVID-19 first wave

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has required a population lockdown. Spain has one of the oldest/most aging populations in the world and was one of the most affected countries. We aim to describe the psychological and social implications as well as health-related behaviors as a result of the lockdown in community-dwelling older adults. Materials and Methods: Observational cross-sectional study. A total of 528 participants of over 60 years of age were recruited using snowball sampling technique during the lockdown of the COVID-19 first wave using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire composed of descriptive questions and validated scales for resilience (Brief Resilient Coping Scale) and emotions (Scale of Positive And Negative Experience). Results: Most participants (76.9%) live with other people and have an open space at home (64%). Only 33.7% continued doing activities to promote healthy aging, 65.7% did less physical activity and 25.6% increased their intellectual activity. Most of them (83%) used electronic communication with family and friends to a greater extent, and left the house to run basic errands. Greater scores on resilience showed significant negative correlations with age and negative feelings, and positive correlations with the size of the social network and positive feelings. Lacking an open space at home was associated with more negative feelings. Discussion: Older people are a vulnerable group severely affected by this pandemic crisis at multiple levels, requiring specific interventions to minimize the effects of changes in lifestyle that may be harmful. Detecting needs is essential to improve care and support from community health and social services, both nowadays and in future similar situationsS

Redes de Apoyo en Población Migrante en Condición de Malnutrición.

Analizar el alcance que tienen las redes de apoyo en población migrante en condición de malnutrición y su contribución en el proceso de recuperación.La presente monografía tiene como objetivo analizar el alcance que tienen las redes de apoyo en población migrante en condición de malnutrición y su contribución en el proceso de recuperación a través del análisis teórico y documental de investigaciones existentes sobre el tema. El abordaje teórico se divide en tres apartados: malnutrición, redes de apoyo y migración. En el análisis argumentativo la malnutrición interfiere significativamente en el bienestar del individuo, ya que la alimentación en la primera infancia es una etapa que fortalece a la persona para su crecimiento, además de desarrollar las capacidades cognitivas del mismo. Las redes de apoyo, por su parte, son las principales proveedoras de beneficios para la población migrante, el valor y la importancia de la existencia de ellas para este tipo de población se puede considerar como un campo de intercambio de relaciones, productos y servicios para la satisfacción de las necesidades primarias. Por último, el fenómeno migratorio se convierte en una práctica cotidiana de personas que buscan una vida más digna por causas económicas, laborales, de salud, entre otras.This monograph aims to analyze the scope of support networks in the migrant population in malnutrition and their contribution to the recovery process through theoretical and documentary analysis of existing research on the subject. The theoretical approach is divided into three sections: malnutrition, support networks and migration. In the argumentative analysis, malnutrition significantly interferes with the well-being of the individual, since feeding in early childhood is a stage that strengthens the person for their growth, in addition to developing their cognitive abilities. Support networks, for their part, are the main providers of benefits for the migrant population, the value and importance of their existence for this type of population can be considered as a field of exchange of relationships, products and services for the satisfaction of primary needs. Finally, the migratory phenomenon becomes a daily practice of people who seek a more dignified life for economic, labor and health reasons, among others

Novel Horizons in Postbiotics: Lactobacillaceae Extracellular Vesicles and Their Applications in Health and Disease

Lactobacillus probiotics contained in dietary supplements or functional foods are wellknown for their beneficial properties exerted on host health and diverse pathological situations. Their capacity to improve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and regulate the immune system is especially remarkable. Although bacteria–host interactions have been thought to occur directly, the key role that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from probiotics play on this point is being unveiled. EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles that carry a wide range of cargo compounds and act in different signalling pathways. Notably, these EVs have been recently proposed as a safe alternative to the utilisation of live bacteria since they can avoid the possible risks that probiotics may entail in vulnerable cases such as immunocompromised patients. Therefore, this review aims to give an updated overview of the existing knowledge about EVs from different Lactobacillus strains, their mechanisms and effects in host health and different pathological conditions. All of the information collected suggests that EVs could be considered as potential tools for the development of future novel therapeutic approaches.Junta de Andalucia CTS 164 PY20_01157Instituto de Salud Carlos III European Commission PI19/01058 European Commissio

Blood donation attitudes and knowledge in Spanish undergraduates with roles in health-education

Recent investigations highlight how important it is to identify the key factors involved in the design of strategies to promote blood donation among undergraduates as a public health concern. The study aims to investigate attitudes and knowledge towards blood donation in university students with health education roles and examine the way sociodemographic and educational characteristics play a part in it. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and multi-center design was used. A structured questionnaire was answered by 1128 Spanish university students (Schools of Health Sciences and Education Sciences). Results: The knowledge test indicated a low score (M = 4.2 out of 10), being Me = 3.00 in the case of Education Sciences and Me = 5.00 in Health Sciences students. The greatest degree of importance is found in the “external incentives” dimension (M = 3.7 out of 5). Health science students and participants with relatives who needed a donation showed fewer “fears” (p ≤ 0.001) and “pretexts” (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: The low knowledge score stresses the need to develop valuable health education-related strategies in the curriculum of studies related with health education; showing room for improvement particularly in Education Science students. Health education interventions aimed at increasing donors in the university environment should be designed while considering differences among undergraduates. Based on their better attitudes, health science students might play a relevant role in promoting blood donationS

Care tasks and impact of caring in primary family caregivers: a cross-sectional study from a nursing perspective

Family caregivers of persons with dementia often experience a negative impact on their health. More studies based on nursing theories are needed to improve the provision of careS

Gender impact of caring on the health of caregivers of persons with dementia

Background: Dementia is a brain syndrome that affects a growing number of persons worldwide and generates a strong and progressive demand for care from a family caregiver, usually females. Objective: We aimed to describe the care provided by family caregivers of persons with dementia as well as the impact on their health and its interrelation with gender Patient involvement. This study was carried out in collaboration with the 13 associations of family caregivers of persons with dementia that are part of a Regional Federation. This partnership worked towards bettering patient care and proposing improvements to the public health system. Methods: A multi-institutional cross-sectional study. A total of 462 primary family caregivers of persons with dementia from north-west Spain were included. Data were collected between January and April 2019 with an anonymous self-administered validated questionnaire (ICUB-97) based on Virginia Henderson’s nursing care model. Results: The most affected needs in family caregivers are those related to “recreational activities”, “communication” and “rest and sleep”. Statistically significant differences between male and female participants’ pattern of care and health-related impacts were found, especially in issues related to work and family reconciliation. Discussion: Care plans should be developed taking gender perspective into account. From a nurse model point of view, more research is necessary to reduce health disparities. This study provides an assessment of gender differences in care and the impact on caregivers’ health. Practical value: Regarding the specific health conditions of female caregivers and from a holistic point of view, these findings could provide novel and interesting data that might help to implement gender perspective in nursing care plans, generally invisible in routine clinical practiceS

Conocimientos de estudiantes portugueses de Enfermería sobre donación de sangre

Objective: To assess the level of knowledge of nursing students regarding blood donation, to identify the importance consider challenges for blood donation, and to determine the most used digital communication channels. Methods: This research was performed at University of Central Portugal in 2018/2019. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 165 nursing students completed online two ad hoc questionnaires. Results: The level of knowledge can be classifi ed as very low (interval between donations, waiting time after getting a tattoo or piercing, waiting time after taking iron supplements), low (amount of blood, eating before donation), medium (age and minimum weight, universal donor) and high (cases in which the blood was analyzed). The reasons for not donating blood that gained considerable and great importance were: “Because I have a physical or medical condition that makes me ineligible to donate” and “Because I had a risky sexual behavior”. Conclusion: The lack of knowledge about the eligibility requirements can make someone wrongly consider that he or she cannot donate blood. Considering the results obtained and the access to digital communication channels, the implementation of eHealth programs is recommended to promote more knowledge, and to reduce the barriers for blood donationObjetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento de estudantes de Enfermagem face à doação de sangue; identifi car a importância atribuída às barreiras para a doação de sangue; e, identifi car os meios de comunicação digital mais utilizados. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa realizada numa Instituição de Ensino Superior da Região Centro de Portugal no ano letivo de 2018/2019. O estudo é descritivo, de natureza transversal, através de dois questionários ad hoc, preenchido on-line por 165 estudantes de Enfermagem. Resultados: Os conhecimentos podem ser considerados de muito baixos (intervalo entre as doações; tempo de espera depois de fazer uma tatuagem ou um piercing; tempo de espera entre a ingestão de ferro; baixos (quantidade de sangue e alimentação prévia), médios (idade e peso mínimo, dador universal) e altos (casos em que o sangue é analisado). Os motivos para não doar sangue que assumiram bastante e muita importância foram “Porque tenho alguma condição física ou médica que me impede doar” e “Porque mantive práticas sexuais de risco”. Conclusão: A falta de conhecimentos sobre as condições de elegibilidade pode fazer com que uma pessoa considere, de forma errada, que não pode doar sangue. Tendo em conta os resultados obtidos e o acesso aos meios de comunicação digital, sugere-se que sejam implementados programas de e-saúde que promovam o aumento de conhecimentos e a redução de barreiras à doação de sangueObjetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de estudiantes de Enfermería sobre la donación de sangre, identificar la importancia atribuida a las barreras para la donación de sangre e identificar los medios de comunicación digital más utilizados. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio realizado en una Institución de Enseñanza Superior de la región centro de Portugal en el año lectivo 2018/2019. El estudio es descriptivo, de naturaleza transversal, a través de dos cuestionarios ad hoc que fueron completados en línea por 165 estudiantes de Enfermería. Resultados: Los conocimientos pueden considerarse muy bajos (intervalo entre las donaciones, tiempo de espera después de hacerse un tatuaje o piercing, tiempo de espera después de la ingesta de hierro); bajos (cantidad de sangre y alimentación previa); medios (edad y peso mínimo, donante universal) y altos (casos en que se analiza la sangre). Los motivos para no donar sangre que tuvieron bastante y mucha importancia fueron “Porque tengo alguna condición física o médica que me impide donar” y “Porque mantuve prácticas sexuales de riesgo”. Conclusión: La falta de conocimientos sobre las condiciones de elegibilidad puede provocar que una persona considere, de forma equivocada, que no puede donar sangre. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos y el acceso a los medios de comunicación, se sugiere implementar programas de eSalud que promuevan el aumento de conocimientos y la reducción de barreras para la donación de sangreS