Adaptation of referral services for people living with HIV/AIDS during the COVID-19 pandemic / Adaptação de serviços de referência para pessoas vivendo com hiv/aids durante a pandemia de covid-19

Objective: describe the adaptations that occurred in healthcare referral services regarding the care for individuals living with HIV/Aids in the covid-19 pandemic scenario. Methodology: the research is of a quantitative exploratory descriptive nature. The research was authorized by the ethics and research committee (Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa) under the protocol CAAE 46795521.5.0000.5013. Results: a total of 32 interviews were performed. The main modifications that occurred in the scenarios where data was collected were the distribution of supplies and materials to prevent contamination from SARS-CoV-2, bigger intervals between consultations and the expansion of the time in months for the dispensing of medications. Conclusion: it is evident that the pandemic brought diverse impacts to HIV healthcare referral services, as well as its users. Such scenario created challenges that may be overcome with interdisciplinary teamwork and institutional support, as well as collaboration and engagement of patients in the modifications proposed.Objetivo:  describir las adaptaciones ocurridas en los servicios de referencia en la atención a usuarios que viven con HIV/Aids en el contexto de la pandemia de covid-19.  Metodología: se trata de una investigación exploratoria cuantitativa de carácter descriptivo.  La investigación fue autorizada por aprobación del Comité de Ética e Investigación bajo el número de caae 46795521.5.0000.5013. Resultados: Se realizaron 32 entrevistas.  Los principales cambios que se produjeron en los escenarios de recolección de datos de esta investigación fueron la distribución de insumos y materiales para la prevención de la contaminación por SARS-CoV-2, el espaciamiento de las consultas y la ampliación de la cantidad de meses de dispensación de medicamentos a los pacientes.  Conclusión: es claro que la pandemia ha tenido varios impactos en los servicios de derivación para las personas que viven con HIV, así como en sus usuarios, proporcionando desafíos que pueden ser superados con el trabajo en equipo interdisciplinario y el apoyo institucional, así como con la colaboración y adhesión de los pacientes a las modificaciones propuestas.Objetivo: descrever as adaptações que ocorreram em serviços de referência no atendimento ao usuário vivendo com HIV/Aids no contexto da pandemia de covid-19. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa exploratória de caráter descritivo. A pesquisa foi autorizada mediante aprovação do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa, sob número CAAE 46795521.5.0000.5013. Resultados: foram realizadas 32 entrevistas. As principais modificações ocorridas nos cenários de coleta de dados desta pesquisa foram a distribuição de insumos e materiais para a prevenção da contaminação por SARS-CoV-2, espaçamento de consultas e ampliação da quantidade de meses de dispensação de medicação para os pacientes. Conclusão: fica claro que a pandemia acarretou diversos impactos nos serviços de referência para pessoas vivendo com HIV, bem como em seus usuários, proporcionando desafios que podem ser superados com o trabalho em equipe interdisciplinar e o apoio institucional, bem como com a colaboração e adesão dos pacientes às modificações propostas.

Assessment of genotoxicity and depuration of anthracene in the juvenile coastal fish Trachinotus carolinus using the comet assay

Ambientalmente, o antraceno é considerado persistente, bioacumulativo e tóxico para organismos aquáticos. A biotransformação de substâncias xenobióticas, como o antraceno, produz espécies reativas de oxigênio que podem agir sobre o DNA. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o dano ao DNA em T. carolinus expostos a diferentes concentrações de antraceno (8, 16 e 32 µg.L-1) por 24 h no escuro e subsequentemente mantidos em água limpa para depuração por três diferentes períodos de tempo (48, 96 e 144 h) através de ensaio cometa. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o antraceno é genotóxico para T. carolinus e o dano ao DNA foi dose- e tempo de depuração- dependente. A genotoxicidade do antraceno foi detectada nas três concentrações utilizadas. A depuração pareceu ser mais eficiente nos peixes expostos a menor concentração de antraceno e mantidos por 96 h em água limpa.In the environment, anthracene is characterized as being persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic to aquatic organisms. Biotransformation of xenobiotic substances, such as anthracene, produces reactive oxygen species that may induce DNA strand breaks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the DNA damage in juvenile T. carolinus exposed to different concentrations (8, 16 and 32 µg.L-1) of anthracene for 24 h in the dark then subsequently allowed to depurate in clean water for different periods of time (48, 96 or 144 h) using the comet assay. Our results show that anthracene is genotoxic to T. carolinus and that DNA damage was dose- and depuration/time- dependent. Anthracenegenotoxicity was observed in all experimental concentrations. Depuration seemed to be more efficient in fish exposed to thelowest anthracene concentration and maintained in clean water for 96 h

Educação em saúde na Atenção Primária: Prevenção de Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional

This article aims to highlight health education as the main means of preventing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in PHC. With the purpose of achieving answers to the following question: “What is the role of health education in preventing GDM? ”. It was carried out through consultations in indexed databases, with the crossing of the descriptors in Portuguese: “Health Education”, “Gestational Diabetes”, “Prevention” and “Primary Health Care”, using the Boolean operator “AND”. To compose the review, 47 articles were analyzed. GDM prevention measures highlight information as the main means of health education, given in prenatal consultations in PHC by nurses in nursing consultations. It is extremely important that the diagnosis of GDM is carried out early, using methods effective. For prevention measures to be effective during pregnancy, it is necessary to have access to information in a way that the pregnant woman understands, as well as to promote satisfactory assistance, it is necessary for the multidisciplinary team to adhere to measures aimed at providing the pregnant woman with a peaceful and healthy pregnancy, paying attention to small signs, avoiding future problems, encouraging the pregnant woman's self-care and mental well-being.Este artigo tem como objetivo evidenciar a educação em saúde como principal meio de prevenção da Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional na APS. Com a finalidade de alcançar respostas ao seguinte questionamento: “Qual o papel da educação em saúde na prevenção da DMG? ”. Foi realizada por meio de consultas nas bases de dados indexadas, com o cruzamento dos descritores em português: “Educação em Saúde”, “Diabetes gestacional”, “Prevenção” e “Atenção Primária à Saúde”, através do operador booleano “AND”.  Para compor a revisão, foram analisados 47 artigos. A medidas de prevenção da DMG evidencia a informação como principal meio de educação em saúde, passada nas consultas de pré-natal na APS pelo enfermeiro nas consultas de enfermagem, é de extrema relevância que o diagnóstico do DMG seja realizado de maneira precoce, usando métodos eficazes. Para que as medidas de prevenção sejam eficazes no período gravídico, torna-se necessário o acesso à informação de maneira que à gestante compreenda, bem como à promoção da assistência satisfatória, torna-se necessário à adesão de medidas pela equipe multiprofissional visando proporcionar à gestante uma gravidez tranquila e saudável, estando atento aos pequenos sinais evitando futuros agravos, estimulando o autocuidado e bem-estar mental da gestante

Study of the effects of naphthalene and benzo(a) pyrene in Trachinotus carolinus (Perciformes, Carangidae) using citogenotoxic, histopahological and biochemical biomarkers.

A exposição dos peixes a poluentes provoca danos nos organismos que podem ser identificados precocemente através de respostas biológicas. O presente estudo visou avaliar os efeitos do naftaleno e benzo(a)pireno em pampos da espécie Trachinotus carolinus. Foram avaliados os efeitos citogenotóxicos, histopatológicos e bioquímicos após exposições às concentrações de 0,9 M; 2,7 M e 8,1 M de NAP e BAP por períodos de 12, 24, 48 e 96 horas. O NAP causa quebra no DNA de eritrócitos de pampos em concentrações de 8,1 M e a partir de 12 horas de exposição. O BAP revelou ser genotóxico a partir da menor concentração e de 24 horas. A mutagenicidade de ambos os poluentes, avaliada através da indução de formação de micronúcleos e anormalidades nucleares eritrocitárias, também ocorre a partir de curtos períodos de exposição e freqüências de MN e ANE estão relacionadas com a duração da exposição. O período de exposição aos HPAs foi determinante na intensidade e severidade das lesões observadas nos tecidos dos peixes. A especificidade de CYP1A, observada segundo análise imunohistoquímica, ocorreu de maneira dose-dependente e evidenciada principalmente nos maiores períodos experimentais. Os poluentes orgânicos, nas condições experimentais utilizadas, não provocaram alteração significativa na atividade das enzimas catalase e GST da espécie. Os biomarcadores, citogenotóxicos e histopatológicos utilizados neste estudo, demonstraram ser ferramentas eficientes para aferir a toxicidade, genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade de NAP e BAP como também sua relação dose-resposta na espécie T. carolinus.Effects of exposure of fish to pollutants can be identified through stress responses. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene in Florida pompanos, Trachinotus carolinus. Evidences from citogenotoxical, histopathological and biochemical studies showed that alterations caused by exposures to 0.9 M, 2.7 M and 8.1 M of NAP and BAP occurred within 12 to 96 hours. NAP at 8.1 M induced erythrocyte DNA strand breaks in pompanos since early periods of exposure. Genotoxic effects of BAP at the lowest concentration were documented soon after 24 hours of exposure. Mutagenotoxicity of both pollutants, as seen by the induction of MN and ENA, was revealed since early periods and their frequencies are related to the duration of exposure. Exposures to these PAHs, for longer periods, resulted in increased frequency and severity of lesions observed in fish tissues. Specificity of CYP1A, observed through immunohistochemical analyses, was related to the dose of the pollutants and mainly at longer periods of exposure. These organic pollutants, under the experimental conditions, did not interfere with the activity of liver catalase and GST of the species. The citogenotoxic and histopathologic biomarkers used in this study proved to be efficient tools to ascertain the toxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenesis of NAP and BAP, as well as their dose related response, in the species T. carolinus

Determinação das castas em Scaptotrigona postica (Latreille) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini): diferenciação do ovário

Both castes of Scaptotrigolia postica (Latreille, 1804) possess four ovarioles in each ovary. Queen and workers have the same ovarian development during the larvallife, but in lhe late larval stage the queen ovary beco me larger. During pupation a higher rate of cell division is observed in queen ovarioles and a higher rale of cell death in workers. Newly emerged workers have short ovarioles with differenriatcd germarium and vitellarium while queens have very long ovarioles with only germarium. Caste deterrnination in rhis species of bee is trophic, but lhe food does not differ in quality, only in quantiry. The food differences only beco me effecri ve by the end of larval stage when the queen larvae have lhe opportunity of eat more. In this way lhe ovary differentiation, between workers and queens. In this species, only occurs frorn lhe end of larval stage, mainly during pupation. Although the ovaries of workers are smaller, they are precocious in relation to queens, since nurse workers, 5 10 20 days, old may lay eggs. The eggs laid by the workers may be trophic or functional. These eggs may be distinguished by lhe aspect ofthe yolk. Older forager workers have degenerated ovaries.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

EROD activity and genotoxicity in the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations

Seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri is a marine species that lives in shallow waters of coastal environments, often impacted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) pollution. In the present study, seabob shrimp were exposed for 96 h to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at the nominal concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 800 microg.L-1. Animals of the control groups were exposed either to clean water or to the BaP-carrier (DMSO). At the end of the exposures, muscle tissues were sampled for BaP uptake assessment and hepatopancreas and hemolymph for EROD enzyme activity and hemocytes DNA damage, respectively. EROD activity and DNA damage increased significantly as a function of BaP exposure concentrations. Significant correlations between BaP uptake and both EROD activity and DNA damage suggest that they can be used as suitable tools for integrated levels of study on the biomarkers of PAH exposure.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP - "Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo" (FAPESP) [2006/03925-1, 2007/01012-1

Photo-induced toxicity of anthracene in the Antarctic shallow water amphipod, Gondogeneia antarctica

The photo-induced toxicity of anthracene was investigated as the mortality in Antarctic shallow water amphipod, Gondogeneia antarctica, at different concentrations of anthracene and different periods of exposure to natural sunlight and artificial UVA and UVB radiations. When exposed to natural sunlight, animals contaminated in the dark and placed in clean water or in anthracene solutions showed different degrees of mortality, dose-time dependent. Effects were even more evident when these animals were exposed to artificial UVA or UVB radiations. Depuration seemed to be a slow process. The effects of UV radiation and anthracene alone and the effects of the interactions of these two stressors implied that solar radiation is an important parameter that deserves consideration in the environmental assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Antarctic coastal waters. G. antarctica proved to be a good bioindicator for the phototoxicity of anthracene in Antarctic shallow waters.CNPq-PROANTARCNPq-PROANTA

Assessment of trophic transfer of benzo(a)pyrene genotoxicity from the post-larval pink shrimp F. brasiliensis to the juvenile Florida pompano T. carolinus

In the present study, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) genotoxicity was investigated in a one-step predator-prey relationship with the trophic-related marine species. Florida pompanos were fed for 5 and 10 days with pink shrimp post larvae previously exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentrations. Parent BaP body burden was measured in samples of Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis. BaP metabolites were determined in bile samples of Trachinotus carolinus and DNA damage was assessed through the comet and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENAs) assays in fish erythrocytes. BaP body burden increased significantly with the PAH concentration in pink shrimp PLs as well as the fish bile BaP metabolites. Both, comet and ENAs assays indicated significant increase on erythrocyte DNA damage of Florida pompanos fed with BaP-exposed pink shrimp on both feeding periods. The trophic route of BaP genotoxicity is discussed as well as the PAH biotransformation as the inducing mechanism for the DNA damages observed.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2006/03925-1, 2007/01012-1