Partnerships for the production of patents through the CT-Petro sector fund

This paper seeks to investigate whether Brazilian public policies to encourage public-private partnerships for patent development through the CT-Petro Sector Fund were effective. This fund was created with the objective of developing the Brazilian petrochemical industry after the breach of the Petrobras monopoly in the late 1990s. Until that time, this state company developed all research in this sector. The structure of this article begins with the bibliographic survey of the agents involved in this production chain and how they organized to maintain the productive level of R&D. Finding out about the transfer of funds through FINEP public notices, researchers and companies were attracted and encouraged to create products and services. Whether competition between companies has resulted in improvements to the development of patents for the industry in question. Aiming to demonstrate the interest of the state in transferring its former predominant role to agents Companies and Universities (and/or Research Centers)

Espaços e paisagens: Antiguidade Clássica e Heranças Contemporâneas vol. II

Actas do VII congresso internacional da Associação Portuguesa de Estudos Clássicos, vol. 2º., dedicado ao estudo da recepção dos temas «Espaços» e «Paisagens». O volume conta com os seguintes ensaios: 1)Interpelações entre espaço e paisagem: uma leitura das Confissões de Agostinho (Teresa Santos); 2)Espaço e fronteiras do mundo romano na Antiguidade Tardia.Continuidade e rupturas em relação à Europa Actual (Paula Barata Dias); 3)El paisaje en la Peregrinatio Egeriae (Ana Isabel Martín Ferreira); 4)Espaço e alegoria na poesia épica portuguesa seiscentista (Manuel dos Santos Rodrigues); 5)A mundividência de Diogo Pires à luz da colectânea poética dos Xenia (António Manuel Lopes Andrade); 6) Espaço literário feminino. A obra de Maria de Mesquita Pimentel (Antónia Fialho Conde); 7)Paisaje, clima y carácter en De humana physiognomonia de Giovan Battista della Porta (Miguel Ángel González Manjarrés); 8) Espaços para o dever e o lazer num modelo de educação humanística (1599)(Margarida Miranda); 9)Utopía, espacios soñados y Mito Clásico en la Tragicomedia de Los Jardines y Los Campos Sabeos de Feliciana Enríquez de Guzmán (Cristina de la Rosa Cubo); 10)O espaço físico como alegoria da tragédia humana. Concepção do espaço dramático na Trilogia de Édipo de J. de Castro Osório (Ália Rosa C. Rodrigues); 11) Releituras de um passado grego: a tragédia Oedipus Tyrannos de Sófocles (Rogério José de Souza); 12)Uma velha África: Heródoto e o ensino de História da África (José Maria Gomes de Souza Neto); 13)Elaboração da luz no espaço entre a igreja visível e invisível no pensamentode Kant. As raízes platónicas e utópicas do modelo original (Giovanni Panno); 14)Descobrir com jovens: espaços e paisagens do Truculentus de Plauto (Adriano Milho Cordeiro); 15)Reflexos do espaço de exílio ovidiano no Livro do Desassossego (Rodolfo Pais Nunes Lopes); 16)Ambiência clássica em invectivas às ditaduras militar e salazarista (Carlos Morais); 17)O mundo clássico nas Vidas Apócrifas de Amadeu Lopes Sabino:alguns paralelos imaginados (Glaucianne Silva dos Santos Heuer); 18) Observação filosófica e contemplação poética das paisagens em Lucrécio (Andrés Pociña); 19)O mito de Orpheus. A plasticidade do mito nas vozes de Virgílio,Vinícius e Camus (Elaine C. Prado dos Santos); 20)Espaço e paisagem em Doze Naus de Manuel Alegre (José Ribeiro Ferreira)

Early and Late Pathogenic Events of Newborn Mice Encephalitis Experimentally Induced by Itacaiunas and Curionópolis Bracorhabdoviruses Infection

In previous reports we proposed a new genus for Rhabdoviridae and described neurotropic preference and gross neuropathology in newborn albino Swiss mice after Curionopolis and Itacaiunas infections. In the present report a time-course study of experimental encephalitis induced by Itacaiunas and Curionopolis virus was conducted both in vivo and in vitro to investigate cellular targets and the sequence of neuroinvasion. We also investigate, after intranasal inoculation, clinical signs, histopathology and apoptosis in correlation with viral immunolabeling at different time points. Curionopolis and Itacaiunas viral antigens were first detected in the parenchyma of olfactory pathways at 2 and 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) and the first clinical signs were observed at 4 and 8 dpi, respectively. After Curionopolis infection, the mortality rate was 100% between 5 and 6 dpi, and 35% between 8 and 15 dpi after Itacaiunas infection. We identified CNS mice cell types both in vivo and in vitro and the temporal sequence of neuroanatomical olfactory areas infected by Itacaiunas and Curionopolis virus. Distinct virulences were reflected in the neuropathological changes including TUNEL immunolabeling and cytopathic effects, more intense and precocious after intracerebral or in vitro inoculations of Curionopolis than after Itacaiunas virus. In vitro studies revealed neuronal but not astrocyte or microglial cytopathic effects at 2 dpi, with monolayer destruction occurring at 5 and 7 dpi with Curionopolis and Itacaiunas virus, respectively. Ultrastructural changes included virus budding associated with interstitial and perivascular edema, endothelial hypertrophy, a reduced and/or collapsed small vessel luminal area, thickening of the capillary basement membrane, and presence of phagocytosed apoptotic bodies. Glial cells with viral budding similar to oligodendrocytes were infected with Itacaiunas virus but not with Curionopolis virus. Thus, Curionopolis and Itacaiunas viruses share many pathological and clinical features present in other rhabdoviruses but distinct virulence and glial targets in newborn albino Swiss mice brain

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe