SELETIVIDADE DE CLETODIM, QUIZALOFOPE E IOXINILA APLICADOS ISOLADAMENTE OU EM MISTURA NA CEBOLA EZ5605

Knowledge of the selectivity of herbicides is fundamental for recommending of these products for weed control, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of clethodim, quizalafop and ioxynil, applied alone or in a mixture in the cultivar EZ5605 of onion. The experiment was carried out in the field, in a randomized block design. The treatments applied in post-emergence were clethodim, quizalofop, ioxynil, clethodim + quizalofop, quizalofop + ioxynil and clethodim + quizalofop + ioxynil, with four pills. we know the phytotoxicity in plants, the height and dry mass of the leaves; and diameter and fresh mass in the bulbs. The herbicides caused symptoms of phytotoxicity in the cultivar, but at 28 days after application they were no longer present. No treatment affected shoot height and dry mass and bulb diameter and fresh mass, no treatment affected the height and dry mass of the aerial part and the diameter and fresh mass of the bulbs, indicating that the cultivar was tolerant to clethodim, quizalofop-p-ethyl, ioxynil alone or in combination mixtures with each other, when applied in post-emergence. It is concluded that the evaluated herbicides and mixtures are selective for the onion cultivar EZ5605.O conhecimento da seletividade de herbicidas é fundamental para a recomendação desses produtos para o controle de plantas daninhas, desta forma objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a seletividade do cletodim, quizalofope e ioxinila, aplicados isoladamente ou em mistura na cultivar EZ5605 de cebola. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em delineamento de blocos casualizados. Os tratamentos aplicados em pós-emergência foram cletodim, quizalofope, ioxinila, cletodim + quizalofope, quizalofope + ioxinila e cletodim + quizalofope + ioxinila, com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a fitotoxicidade nas plantas, a altura e massa seca das folhas; diâmetro e massa fresca dos bulbos. Os herbicidas causaram sintomas leves de fitotoxicidade na cultivar, porém aos 28 dias após aplicação os mesmos não estavam mais presentes. Nenhum tratamento afetou altura e massa seca da parte aérea e o diâmetro e massa fresca dos bulbos, indicando que a cultivar foi tolerante ao cletodim, quizalofope, ioxinila isoladamente ou em misturas de combinações entre si, quando aplicados em pós-emergência. Conclui-se que os herbicidas e misturas avaliados são seletivos para a cultivar EZ5605 de cebola. Palavras-chave: Allium cepa; controle químico; herbicida; tolerância.   Selectivity of clethodim, quizalafop and ioxynil applied alone or in mixture on onion EZ5605   ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the selectivity of herbicides is fundamental for recommending of these products for weed control, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of clethodim, quizalafop and ioxynil, applied alone or in a mixture in the cultivar EZ5605 of onion. The experiment was carried out in the field, in a randomized block design. The treatments applied in post-emergence were clethodim, quizalofop, ioxynil, clethodim + quizalofop, quizalofop + ioxynil and clethodim + quizalofop + ioxynil, with four pills. we know the phytotoxicity in plants, the height and dry mass of the leaves; diameter and fresh mass in the bulbs. The herbicides caused symptoms of phytotoxicity in the cultivar, but at 28 days after application, they were no longer present. No treatment affected shoot height and dry mass and bulb diameter and fresh mass, no treatment affected the height and dry mass of the aerial part and the diameter and fresh mass of the bulbs, indicating that the cultivar was tolerant to clethodim, quizalofop-p-ethyl, ioxynil alone or in combination mixtures with each other, when applied in post-emergence. It is concluded that the evaluated herbicides and mixtures are selective for the onion cultivar EZ5605. Keywords: Allium cepa; chemical control; herbicide; tolerance

APLICAÇÃO DE CLOMAZONE E SULFENTRAZONE NO CONTROLE EM PÓS-EMERGÊNCIA TARDIA DE Merremia aegyptia E Panicum maximum

As espécies Merremia aegyptia e Panicum maximum são plantas daninhas extremante competidoras com as plantas cultivadas, assim necessitam de estratégias no seu controle me pós-emergência. Objetivo do trabalho foi testar a eficácia de doses de aplicações isoladas e em mistura de clomazone e/com sulfentrazone no controle de M. aegyptia e P. maximum em pós-emergência tardia. O experimento foi conduzido estufa, e o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 8, sendo o primeiro fator duas espécies de plantas daninhas, M. aegyptia e P. maximum, e o segundo fator sete tratamentos de herbicidas isolados ou em mistura mais uma testemunha, sendo: T1 como testemunha; T2 - sulfentrazone 0,8 kg/ha; T3 - clomazone 1,26 kg/ha; T4 - sulfentrazone 0,4 kg/ha; T5 - clomazone 0,63 kg/ha; T6 - clomazone + sulfentrazone (0,63+0,4 kg/ha); T7 - clomazone + sulfentrazone (0,94 + 0,6 kg/ha) e T8 - clomazone + sulfentrazone (1,26 + 0,8 kg/ha), com quatro repetições, totalizando 64 parcelas, constituída por um vaso de cinco litros. Os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 DAA pela porcentagem de controle e determinação da massa seca das plantas. Os resultados demonstram que a mistura formulada dos herbicidas clomazone e sulfentrazone (0,94 + 0,6; 1,26 + 0,8 kg/ha) apresentaram efeito positivo no controle das espécies de plantas daninhas estudadas, com controle respectivamente aos 28 DAA, em média de 75,4% e 88%. A mistura, clomazone + sulfentrazone (1,26 + 0,8 kg/ha) controla as espécies Merremia aegyptia (76,5%, 28 DAA) como Panicum maximum (100%, 28 DAA). O clomazone isolado não é eficiente para o controle de ambas espécies

Spatial distribution of nymphs and adults of Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1794) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in transgenic soybean cultivars of different maturing cycles

The neotropical stink bug Euschistus heros is the predominant and most important insect pest affecting soybean cultivation. Knowledge of the spatial pattern of the pest in an area is critical to understanding its behavior. The objective of this work was to study the spatial distribution of E. heros in transgenic soybean cultivars of different maturing cycles. The experiments were conducted in the seasons 2013/14 and 2014/15 in FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. Three fields were selected, and each was marked an area of 8.000 m2 (0.8 ha), with each area divided into 80 portions of 100 m2 (10 m x 10 m). The transgenic soybean cultivars of different maturing cycles were: SYN 1365 RR (early), M 7908 RR (average), and BRS Valiosa RR (late). Samples were taken weekly using a beat sheet, registering the number of nymphs and adults of E. heros. To study the dispersion of E. heros, the following indices were used: variance/mean ratio, Morisita index, Green coefficient, and the exponent k of the negative binomial distribution. For studies of special distribution models of E. heros, adjustments of Poisson distribution and negative binomial distribution were tested. The spatial distribution of nymphs and adults was aggregated for all the cultivars studied, indicating that cultivars did not alter the distribution behavior of E. heros

Distribuição espacial e plano de amostragem sequencial para Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood, 1837) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) na cultura de soja transgênica RR®

Stinkbugs are the main group of soybean insect pests, and among the species that cause losses in yield and quality, Piezodorus guildinii is the most important one. The objective of this work was to determine the spatial distribution of different ninfal instars and adults of P. guildinii in RR transgenic soybean cultivar, and make sequential sampling plans to grains and seeds.The experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, during the 2012/2013 cropping season. It was chosen one of 30-hectare of commercial field, and then it was divided into 100 sampling units of 10 x 10 m each one. It was used the cultivar SYN 9070 RR, which is tolerant to glyphosate. It was recorded the number of nymphs from 1st to 5th instars, as well as, adults by the drop-cloth method. In order to study the dispersion of insects in the field, the following indexes were obtained: variance-to-mean ratio, Morisita’s Index, Green’s Coefficient, and k exponent of negative binomial distribution. To study the probabilistic models that describe the spatial distribution of insect pests, the data were fitted to Poisson and binomial distributions. It was concluded that nymphs of 1st-3rd, 3rd, 4th-5th instars; adults; and 4th, 5th instars plus adults had an aggregated distribution in experimental field, and the negative binomial distribution was the best probabilistic model for nymphs and adults of P. guildinii. There were returned sequential sampling plans of nymphs of 4th and 5th instar and adults to grains and seeds, and the expected maximum numbers of samples in order to take the decision were 23 and 29 to grains and seedsOs percevejos são os principais insetos pragas da cultura da soja, e dentre as espécies responsáveis por causarem redução na produtividade e na qualidade dos grãos, destaca-se a espécie Piezodorus guildinii. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a distribuição espacial dos diferentes instares ninfais e da fase adulta de P. guildinii em uma cultivar de soja transgênica RR, e elaborar planos de amostragem sequencial para grãos e sementes. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2012/2013, em Jaboticabal, SP, numa área de 30 ha, onde foi selecionado um campo de 10.000 m2, subdividido em 100 parcelas de 10 m x 10 m. A cultivar utilizada foi a SYN 9070 RR, tolerante a herbicida. Nas amostragens foram anotados o número de ninfas do 1o ao 5º instar e o número de adultos por metro em duas linhas de plantio, pelo método da “batida de pano”. Para o estudo da dispersão dos insetos na área, foram utilizados os seguintes índices: razão variância/média, índice de Morisita, coeficiente de Green e expoente k da distribuição binomial negativa. Para o estudo dos modelos probabilísticos que descrevem a distribuição espacial dos insetos, foram testados os ajustes às distribuições de Poisson e binomial negativa. Ninfas de 1º ao 3º instares, 3º instar, 4º e 5º instares, adultos e 4º e 5º intares mais adultos, apresentaram distribuição agregada. No teste de ajuste às distribuições de probabilidade, a distribuição binomial negativa apresentou um bom ajuste para ninfas e adultos de P. guildinii. Foram desenvolvidos planos de amostragem seqüenciais para percevejos de 4º e 5º instar ninfal e adultos para grãos e sementes, e os números máximos de amostras esperados para se tomar a decisão foram de 23 e 29 para grãos e sementes, respectivament

Factors influencing pharmaceutical pricing: a scoping review of academic literature in health science

Submitted by Fátima Lopes ([email protected]) on 2019-07-23T19:20:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FactorsInfluencingPharmaceutic.pdf: 718019 bytes, checksum: aeed00f457d10178f9b4c0b3dc674bf1 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Fátima Lopes ([email protected]) on 2019-07-23T19:29:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FactorsInfluencingPharmaceutic.pdf: 718019 bytes, checksum: aeed00f457d10178f9b4c0b3dc674bf1 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-23T19:29:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FactorsInfluencingPharmaceutic.pdf: 718019 bytes, checksum: aeed00f457d10178f9b4c0b3dc674bf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Vice Direção de Escola de Governo. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Instituto Integrado de Saúde. Campo Grande, MS, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Departamento de Política de Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca. Departamento de Política de Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Introduction: Pharmaceutical pricing has only recently gained space in mainstream health science literature.Objectives:Bibliometric and content description of health science academic literature and ad hoc analysis of greyliterature on factors influencing pharmaceutical pricing on databases commonly accessed by healthcare professionals.Methods:Scoping study with no time limits performed in Medline, Scopus and Scielo, and relevant sites anddatabases for grey literature, using search terms with database-appropriate keywords.Results:Two hundred four articles were published in 103 peer-reviewed journals between 1981 and 2016 (last searchyear). In grey literature 78 documents were retrieved in the final selection. Five key thematic clusters for analysingpharmaceutical pricing emerged: market dynamics, segmented into (i) supply-related, (ii) consumer-related and (iii)product-related; (iv) trading strategies, either buyer’s or seller’s and (v) regulatory approach. In peer-reviewed literaturethere is an overall dominance of themes referring to trading strategies and regulatory approaches and a wide thematiccluster scope. Over half of this literature was produced after the year 2010. International agency technical papers makeup the most significant contributions of grey literature, with a clear focus on regulatory approaches to pricing andwider consideration of emerging countries. Research lags in the literature on factors affecting pharmaceutical pricinginclude impacts of financing schemes, market liberalization, internet trading and biosimilars on prices, with insufficientdiscussion identified for the effects of discounts/rebates, profits and price transparency.Conclusions:Interest in pharmaceutical pricing literature is increasing. Robust evidence-producing study designs forpricing interventions will be a welcome development

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status