Anestesia total intravenosa em galinhas domésticas (Gallus gallus domesticus) com propofol ou propofol associado à metadona, nalbufina ou fentanil durante osteotomia de ulna

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade, comparar as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e comparar a taxa de infusão da anestesia total intravenosa (ATIV) com propofol isoladamente ou em associação ao fentanil, metadona ou nalbufina, para osteotomias de ulna em galinhas domésticas. Foram utilizadas 58 galinhas, adultas, pesando 1,5 ± 0,2 kg. Após indução com propofol 9 mg/kg em 1 minuto, e 30 minutos com uma taxa de infusão contínua de propofol (1,2 mg/kg/minuto), foram registrados parâmetros como frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial invasiva, frequência respiratória, EtCO2, SpO2 e temperatura esofágica (M1). Imediatamente após M1, os animais foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos e recebiam seus tratamentos: grupo P, com infusão de propofol; grupo PM, com infusão de propofol e metadona 6 mg/kg, intramuscular; grupo PN, com infusão de propofol e nalbufina 12,5 mg/kg, intramuscular; e grupo PF, com infusão de propofol e um bolus de fentanil de 30 μg/kg, intravenoso, seguido imediatamente por infusão contínua de 30 μg/kg/hora. Cinco minutos após M1, a aplicação do tratamento, as variáveis foram novamente registradas (M2). Imediatamente após este, a taxa de infusão de propofol foi reduzida para 0,9 mg/kg/minuto no primeiro animal de cada grupo, porém a partir do segundo animal de cada grupo, essa modificação da taxa de infusão do propofol foi baseada na taxa de infusão observada no momento M7 do animal anterior do mesmo grupo. Os momentos M3, M4, M5, M6 e M7, ocorreram após arrancamento das penas da região do rádio e ulna, após incisão da pele, após osteotomia da ulna, após introdução do pino intramedular e após o final da sutura de pele (fim da anestesia), respectivamente. A partir de M3, a taxa de infusão de propofol era reduzida em 0,1 mg/kg/minuto se o paciente não apresentasse movimentação de membros e/ou cabeça durante a etapa cirúrgica anterior. Se apresentasse movimentação, a taxa era aumentada em 0,2 mg/kg/minuto e se aguardava 5 minutos sem estímulo algum para dar continuidade a cirurgia. As taxas de infusão médias (em mg/kg/minuto) de cada grupo durante os momentos cirúrgicos (M3 a M7) foram de 0,53 ± 0,22 no grupo P; 0,47 ± 0,21 (redução de 11%) no Grupo PF; 0,30 ± 0,22 (redução de 43%) no Grupo PM; e 0,28 ± 0,21 (redução de 47%) no Grupo PN. Diferenças significativas na taxa de infusão, em relação ao grupo P, foram encontradas de M3 a M7 no grupo PM e de M3 ao M7 no grupo PN. O fentanil na taxa de infusão empregada reduziu as necessidades médias de propofol, mas não de maneira significativa. Não houveram grandes diferenças entre grupos nos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. Hipercapnia foi um achado comum em todos os grupos. A metadona e a nalbufina nas doses empregadas, foram efetivas em reduzir a taxa de infusão de propofol, sem interferir com as variáveis fisiológicas aferidas.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the viability and to compare the infusion rate of propofol total intravenous anesthesia alone or in combination with fentanyl, methadone or nalbuphine, and to verify if the intravenous infusion of propofol provides suitable conditions for orthopedic surgeries in domestic chickens. Cardiorespiratory variables measured during anesthesia were also compared. Fifty eight adult chickens weighing 1.5 ± 0.2 kg were used. After a propofol bolus of 9 mg/kg in 1 minute, and 30 minutes with a continuous rate infusion of propofol (1.2 mg/kg/minute), parameters such as heart rate, invasive blood pressure, respiratory rate, EtCO2, SpO2 and esophageal temperature were recorded (M1). Immediately after M1, the animals were randomly divided into 4 groups and received their treatment: P, with propofol infusion; PM, with propofol infusion and methadone 6 mg/kg, intramuscular; PN, with propofol infusion and nalbuphine 12.5 mg/kg, intramuscular; and PF, with propofol infusion and a 30 μg/kg fentanyl bolus, intravenously, followed immediately by continuous infusion of 30 μg/kg/hour. Five minutes after M1, the variables were again recorded (M2). Immediately after, the infusion rate of propofol was reduced to 0.9 mg/kg /minute in the first animal of each group, however, after the second animal in each group, this modification of the propofol infusion rate was based on the rate recorded at M7 in the previous animal of the same group. The moments M3, M4, M5, M6 and M7 occurred after feather plucking of the region of the radius and ulna, after skin incision, after ulna osteotomy, after insertion of the intramedullary pin and after the end of the skin suture (end of anesthesia), respectively. After M3, the infusion rate of propofol was reduced by 0.1 mg/kg /minute if the patient had no movement of limbs and/or head during the previous surgical step. If the patient presented movement, the rate was increased by 0.2 mg/kg/minute and the patient was given 5 minutes without stimulus to continue the surgery. The mean infusion rates (in mg/kg/minute) in each group during the surgical moments (M3 to M7) were 0.53 ± 0.22 in the P group; 0.47 ± 0.21 (11% reduction) in the PF Group; 0.30 ± 0.22 (43% reduction) in the PM Group; and 0.28 ± 0.21 (47% reduction) in the PN Group. Significant differences in infusion rate were found from M3 to M7 in the PM group and from M3 to M7 in the PN group, compared to P group. Fentanyl at the infusion rate employed reduced propofol needs (11%), but not significantly. There were no major differences between groups of cardiorespiratory parameters during anesthesia. Hypercapnia was a common finding during anesthesia. Methadone and nalbuphine, in the doses used, were effective in reducing the propofol rate of infusion, without interfering with the physiological variables measured

Intestinal intussusception associated with cloacal protusion in Trachemys scripta elegans

Background: Gastrointestinal dysfunction in reptiles is a common condition seen in animal medicine, and is often caused by inappropriate husbandry. The purpose of this report is to describe the case of a surgical procedure for enterectomy of the small intestines, performed as treatment for an intussusception with cloacal protrusion that occurred in a red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) kept as a pet. Case: A 20-year-old red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) was taken into medical care after the owner’s observation of a cloacal protrusion that had started 72 h previously. During physical examination the protrusion was noted as an intestinal segment of approximately 5 cm, which was not reducible. Complementary examinations, including radiography and hematological profiling, were performed and revealed no significant findings; therefore, it was decided that an exploratory celiotomy would be conducted. The patient was referred to the surgical unit for the procedure and underwent surgical anesthesia. After appropriate antisepsis of the surgical area, a plastron osteotomy was performed using a previously sterilized oscillatory saw at a 45º angulation. The celomatic membrane was subsequently incised to enable both cavity and intestinal inspection allowing observation of the intussusception in the small intestine of the animal with the intussuscept segment protruding through the cloaca. The intussusception was undone, and an enterectomy was performed to remove the unviable intestine, using intestinal resection and subsequent anastomosis with simple interrupted sutures using 4-0 nylon, followed by intestinal reposition in the cavity. The celomatic membrane was closed using continuous suture with 4-0 nylon. The plastron fragment was then repositioned with the aid of eight cerclage fixations using 2-0 stainless steel wire. It was subsequently covered in self-polymerizing resin acrylic in order to promote impermeability and to protect the surgical wound. During the recovery period, supportive treatment and analgesia and antibiotic therapy were performed. The patient’s first defecation was observed five days after the procedure, and gastrointestinal tract functions returned to normal after four weeks. In six weeks, the patient was discharged. Discussion: In this case, exploratory celiotomy was performed due to the extension of the necrotic areas of the protruded mucosa. Plastron osteotomy is generally indicated because of the possibility of wide organ exposure. During the long healing period of reptiles, a surgical wound can be a gateway for pathogens that lead to postoperative surgical complications. As such, the use of acrylic resin in the present case was to create a protective barrier that would offer more resistance and impermeability. End-to-end enterectomy, in this instance, proved to be an efficient treatment for the small intestines cloacal protrusion, just as it was for the intussusception that preceded it. The probable cause of this case of intussusception was not well defined, and reptiles kept as pets have several diseases that can affect the gastrointestinal tract. The environment temperature also strongly influences gastrointestinal tract functions, which can lead to motility decline and imbalance of the intestinal flora, followed by the production of gases and toxins by microorganisms responsible for dysfunctions. Inadequate temperature management was the suspected main cause of intussusception in this case, as the patient was kept without access to sunlight or a heating source. In conclusion, the enterectomy with subsequent anastomosis that we performed was successful in the treatment of cloacal protruded intussusception of the small intestines in this red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)

Bone allografts and synthetic grafts hydroxyapatite on ulnar bone defect in fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus), radiographic and histological aspects

Dos atendimentos ortopédicos realizados em aves no HCV-UFRGS, 86% são fraturas, sendo aproximadamente 30% delas cominutivas com perda óssea expressiva, justificando a importância da utilização de enxertos em fraturas de aves. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois aloenxertos e enxerto sintético de hidroxiapatita em defeito ósseo de galinhas. Utilizaram-se 30 galinhas separadas em três grupos: aloenxerto congelado em ultra-freezer (GUF), aloenxerto congelado em nitrogênio líquido (GNL) e enxerto sintético de hidroxiapatita deficiente em cálcio (GHA). Nos três grupos, os enxertos foram aplicados com placas e parafusos bloqueados de 2mm na ulna direita das aves, avaliando-se a evolução por meio de exames radiográficos até serem completados 90 dias de pós-operatório e o resultado final mediante exame histológico. A média e desvio-padrão relacionando o tempo de consolidação óssea radiográfica foi: GNL 61,67±21,79 dias (90% de consolidação), GUF 47,14±13,50 dias (70% de consolidação) e GHA 70±18,17 dias (60% de consolidação). Houve diferença significativa no tempo de consolidação óssea entre o GUF e o GHA. Histologicamente, os enxertos do GUF foram os que estavam em consolidação mais avançada. Os aloenxertos do GNL foram superiores no preenchimento de falha óssea ulnar de galinhas.Of the orthopedic visits performed on birds at HCV-UFRGS, 86% are fractures, and approximately 30% of them are comminuted with expressive bone loss, justifying the importance of the use of grafts in bird fractures. The objective of this work was to test two allografts and a synthetic HADC graft on finishing in Gallus gallus domesticus. 30 laying hens were used, divided in three groups: frozen allograft in ultrafreezer (UFG); frozen allograft in liquid nitrogen (LNG); calcium deficient synthetic hydroxyapatite graft (HAG). The three graft groups were exposed to serial radiographs until the 90 postoperative days, as well as the histological examination at the end of the experiment were: LNG 61.67±21.79 days (90% consolidation), UFG 47.14±13.50 days (70% consolidation) and HAG 70±18.17 days (60% consolidation). There was a significant difference in bone healing time between GUF and GHA. Histologically, GUF grafts were the ones that were in the most advanced consolidation. LNG allografts were superior in filling ulnar bone failure of fowl

Ilium and femur osteosynthesis in crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Background: Fractures and dislocations are common orthopedic conditions arising from traumas from anthropic interaction on wild species, such as those caused by road trampling. Among the treatments, osteosynthesis is considered the method of choice in the treatment of fractures, such as ilium body fractures and femoral fractures. Based on this context, with regard to the incidence of auto accidents and few studies describing osteosynthesis techniques for crab-eating fox, the present study aimed to report the osteosynthesis performed on the body of the ileum and femur of a wild specimen of Cerdocyon thous. Case: A female, adult, crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), coming from wild life was referred to hospital care with a history of run over. After specific examinations, it was diagnosed a complete transverse femoral shaft fracture, an oblique ilium body fracture, a pubic and ischial fracture, and pelvic canal narrowing. The treatment instituted was osteosynthesis of the femoral and ilium body fractures through the use of a 2.7 mm locking plate and screws. In the postoperative period, radiographic examination was performed, where bone callus formation was observed in the 5th week and bone remodeling and consolidation in the 11th week. After 140 days of rehabilitation, the animal was able to be released in the wild, with effective return of function of the pelvic limbs. The release was performed by environmental agencies in a national natural reserve, using radio necklace monitoring Discussion: Osteosynthesis techniques and preoperative and postoperative management proved to be effective for the return of adequate function of the pelvic limbs in Cerdocyon thous. For wild animals, the use of internal orthopedic implants (plate and screws, for example) become the most suitable for osteosynthesis. They decrease the risks of complications resulting from the management, since they require minimal postoperative manipulation. Thus, they maintain the wild behavior of the animal even in captivity. Among the complications observed in the clinical case, we can mention the use of long plate in the osteosynthesis of the ilium body and the narrowing of the pelvic canal as the most relevant. In relation to the pelvic canal narrowing and the reproductive cycle of the species, the crab-eating fox presents monogamous behavior, gestation of 3 to 6 pups per litter and breastfeeding for approximately 3 months. Because litters are relatively large (number of individuals per calving), the pups are relatively small - approximately 120 g at birth -, so it is expected that no complications occur during the gestational period. The treatment of fractures with the use of locking plates was efficient, obtaining bone consolidation at 10 weeks postoperatively, thus corroborating the scientific descriptions for bone consolidation in canids. Finally, the destination for release and monitoring by radiotelemetry was a joint decision between the environmental agencies of the State and the Union. The release decision was based on the maintenance of the wild behavior without evidence of meekness of the specimen, the absence of sanitary restrictions, as well as the population biology and the genetic flow since the release of the animal was carried out near the rescue site. It is concluded that the surgical treatment instituted by the femoral and ilium osteosynthesis was effective for the Cerdocyon thous specimen, cu

Mandibular symphysis stabilization after traumatic disjunction in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Background: Fractures and dislocations are common orthopedic conditions arising from traumas from anthropic interaction on wild species, such as those caused by road trampling, being the mandibular separation with great frequency of occurrence in dogs and cats. The procedures for mandibular symphysis stabilization are described as of low complexity in the literature, however no reports of this procedure in wild canids were found. The purpose of this study is to report a surgical procedure of mandibular symphysis disjunction stabilization in an individual of the species Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox) through the technique of cerclage fixation using stainless steel wire. Case: An adult male individual of the free-living specie weighing 5.6 kg was referred to veterinary care after having been run-over. General physical examination showed abrasions in the ventral region of the jaw, discreet bleeding in the oral cavity, and mandibular instability. Subsequently, the patient underwent radiographic examination that revealed mandibular disjunction. The patient was therefore referred to the surgical unit for stabilization. During surgical anesthesia, two 12-gauge hypodermic needles (40x12 mm) were inserted percutaneously through the ventral region of the mandible, protruding into the oral cavity immediately caudal to the canine teeth. Next, both extremities of a 0.5 mm stainless steel wire were introduced into the interior of the needles and, when both ends extruded through the other end of the needles, the latter were removed, leaving only the steel wire uniting both rostral rami of the mandible Using a twisting apparatus, the steel wire was twisted until the disjunction was completely stabilized and mandibular occlusion was deemed appropriate. Lastly, the surplus steel wire was sectioned, leaving a small segment that remained exposed to surface in the ventral region of the mandible. During the patient’s recovery period no complications or recurrence were observed, signifying a successful stabilization procedure by the chosen technique. Thirty-four days postoperatively, the metallic implant was removed under radiographic guidance, and the patient discharged after confirming adequate oral occlusion. After recuperation, the animal was referred to the responsible environmental agencies to be released back into the wild, 55 days postoperatively. Discussion: Among the several techniques described for mandibular symphysis stabilization, success was obtained in this case using the technique of cerclage fixation using stainless steel wire. The procedure in question was chosen for its easy implantation, low cost, and short time of permanence of the implant, which led to a reduction in the patient’s stay in captivity, favoring his rehabilitation and aiming at an early return of the individual to its habitat There is no consensus of mean healing time of the mandibular symphysis or the period the implant should stay in situ, with reported periods varying from three to four weeks to six to eight weeks. Several factors may influence the formation of the bone callus, including proper stabilization of the hemimandible, occlusal alignment, preservation of hard and soft tissues, and preservation of the dentition, which can lead to quicker return of mandibular function. During the hospitalization period, no surgical complications were observed on periodic clinical evaluations. Thus, we conclude that this stabilization of mandibular symphysis in an individual of the species Cerdocyon thous with cerclage using steel wire, with adequate preoperative and postoperative management, was successful in the treatment of traumatic disjunction

Osteosynthesis of the femur and tibia of a brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) : case report

O presente estudo relata o caso de um veado-catingueiro jovem, provindo de vida livre e com histórico de atropelamento. Posteriormente à realização de exames, o animal foi diagnosticado com fratura exposta distal de tíbia (Salter-Harris tipo I) e fratura cominutiva de metáfise distal de fêmur, ambas em membro pélvico esquerdo. Para a osteossíntese da tíbia, foram utilizados pinos intramedulares de Steinmann inseridos pelos maléolos lateral e medial, de forma cruzada. A osteossíntese do fêmur foi realizada com associação de dois pinos de Steinmann, conforme técnica modificada de Rush, e placa de compressão dinâmica. As técnicas cirúrgicas adotadas foram satisfatórias para estabilização, consolidação de ambas as fraturas e retorno funcional do membro. Após 90 dias da cirurgia, o animal foi reintroduzido à naturezaThe present study reports the case of a juvenile wild brown brocket deer, with car accident history. After a complete examination, the animal was diagnosed with open distal tibial fracture (Salter-Harris type I) and comminuted fracture of the distal metaphysis of the femur, both in the left hindlimb. For the tibial osteosynthesis, Steinmann pins were used intramedullary, inserted by the lateral and medial malleolus, crosswise. The osteosynthesis of the femur was performed with a combination of two Steinmann pins, as modified Rush technique, and a dynamic compression plate. The surgical techniques used were satisfactory for stabilization, consolidation of both fractures and function return of the member. Ninety days after surgery the animal was reintroduced to nature

Capilariasis en garza huaco común (Nycticorax nycticorax)

Nycticorax nycticorax é uma ave da família Ardeidae. É cosmopolita e com ampla distribuição mundial e as infecções parasitárias estão entre os problemas sanitários mais comuns que as afetam. Este relato objetiva descrever o tratamento parasitário em um savacu com capilariose, em internação no Núcleo de Conservação e Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres -Preservas/ UFRGS, Brasil. Dados sobre tratamento são escassos nesta espécie. O animal era de vida livre, proveniente do Campus Universitário da UFRGS e foi trazido ao hospital por populares. Capillaria spp. foi diagnosticada por dois métodos coprológicos. A ave foi medicada com levamisole (20 mg·kg-1, subcutânea, dose única). Este relato reflete a importância do tratamento devido a patogenicidade da capilariose e para suprir uma lacuna quanto ao principio ativo que apresente efetividade terapêutica.Black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves: Adeidae) is a cosmopolitan and widely distributed bird. Parasitic infections are among the most common health problems affecting them. This report describes the parasitic treatment in a black-crowned night-heron with capilariasis in the Conservation and Rehabilitation Center of Wild Animals - Preservas/UFRGS. Treatment data are scarce in this species. The animal was free living, coming from the University Campus of UFRGS and was brought to the hospital. Capillaria spp. was diagnosed by two coprological methods. The bird was treated with levamisole (20 mg·kg-1, subcutaneous, single dose). This report reflects the importance of treatment due to the pathogenicity of capillariasis and to fill a gap regarding the active principle that presents therapeutic effectiveness