The Action of Polyphenols in Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: A Common Agent for Overlapping Pathologies

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two prevalent diseases in modern societies, which are caused mainly by current lifestyle, aging and genetic alterations. It has already been demonstrated that these two diseases are associated, since individuals suffering from DM are prone to develop AD. Conversely, it is also known that individuals with AD are more susceptible to DM, namely type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Therefore, these two pathologies, although completely different in terms of symptomatology, end up sharing several mechanisms at the molecular level, with the most obvious being the increase of oxidative stress and inflammation. Polyphenols are natural compounds widely spread in fruits and vegetables whose dietary intake has been considered inversely proportional to the incidence of DM and AD. So, it is believed that this group of phytochemicals may have preventive and therapeutic potential, not only by reducing the risk and delaying the development of these pathologies, but also by improving brain's metabolic profile and cognitive function. The aim of this review is to understand the extent to which DM and AD are related pathologies, the degree of similarity and the relationship between them, to detail the molecular mechanisms by which polyphenols may exert a protective effect, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and highlight possible advantages of their use as common preventive and therapeutic alternatives.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Variation in neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury

Background: Neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is challenging, with only low-quality evidence. We aimed to explore differences in neurosurgical strategies for TBI across Europe. Methods: A survey was sent to 68 centers participating in the Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. The questionnaire contained 21 questions, including the decision when to operate (or not) on traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) and intracerebral hematoma (ICH), and when to perform a decompressive craniectomy (DC) in raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Results: The survey was completed by 68 centers (100%). On average, 10 neurosurgeons work in each trauma center. In all centers, a neurosurgeon was available within 30 min. Forty percent of responders reported a thickness or volume threshold for evacuation of an ASDH. Most responders (78%) decide on a primary DC in evacuating an ASDH during the operation, when swelling is present. For ICH, 3% would perform an evacuation directly to prevent secondary deterioration and 66% only in case of clinical deterioration. Most respondents (91%) reported to consider a DC for refractory high ICP. The reported cut-off ICP for DC in refractory high ICP, however, differed: 60% uses 25 mmHg, 18% 30 mmHg, and 17% 20 mmHg. Treatment strategies varied substantially between regions, specifically for the threshold for ASDH surgery and DC for refractory raised ICP. Also within center variation was present: 31% reported variation within the hospital for inserting an ICP monitor and 43% for evacuating mass lesions. Conclusion: Despite a homogeneous organization, considerable practice variation exists of neurosurgical strategies for TBI in Europe. These results provide an incentive for comparative effectiveness research to determine elements of effective neurosurgical care

Análise da produção científica sobre a tuberculose em Portugal: revisão Integrativa da literatura

Em 2017, foram notificados 1741 casos de tuberculose em Portugal, dos quais 1607 são novos. Esses dados representam uma taxa de incidência estimada em 15,6 por 100.000 habitantes. Comparativamente ao início do milênio, que possuía taxa de incidência de 40%, estes resultados indicam uma evolução positiva do país no controle da tuberculose. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a produção científica sobre a tuberculose em Portugal. Trata-se de uma Revisão Integrativa da Literatura, com pesquisa de artigos atendendo a critérios pré-definidos, considerando o período temporal entre 2006 a 2017, acedidos por meio das bases de dados PubMed e CINAHL. Foram identificados 23 artigos cujos resultados são diversificados, fornecendo um panorama sobre a realidade nacional, especialmente no que concerne a prevalência de casos, fatores de risco e resultados do tratamento, multirresistência e testes de rastreio em profissionais de saúde. Os resultados podem ser úteis para a melhoria de medidas tanto dos programas de luta contra a tuberculose, quanto das outras esferas organizacionais responsáveis por fornecer ações de saúde

Correlações genéticas entre características produtivas de fêmeas em um rebanho da raça Canchim Genetic correlations among reproductive and growth traits of females, in a Canchim cattle herd

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as correlações genéticas dos pesos à desmama (PD), aos 12 (P12) e aos 18 (P18) meses de idade com a idade (IPP) e o peso (PPP) ao primeiro parto, o peso adulto (PAD) e os parâmetros A (peso assintótico) e k (taxa de maturação) da curva de Von Bertalanffy de fêmeas, em um rebanho Canchim. Utilizou-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, em análises bicaráter, com modelos que incluíram os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos e o efeito aleatório genético aditivo direto. Para PD, o modelo incluiu também a covariável idade da vaca ao parto (efeitos linear e quadrático) e os efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo materno e de ambiente permanente. Para PAD, o modelo incluiu também os efeitos fixos de idade da vaca. As médias das estimativas de herdabilidade foram iguais a: 0,37 (PD); 0,31 (P12); 0,35 (P18); 0,39 (A); 0,29 (k); 0,13 (IPP); 0,39 (PPP); e 0,42 (PAD). As correlações genéticas de PD com as outras características foram iguais a: 0,46 (parâmetro A); 0,02 (parâmetro k); -0,12 (IPP); 0,66 (PPP); e 0,42 (PAD). Com P12 as correlações genéticas foram iguais a 0,39 (parâmetro A); 0,31 (parâmetro k); -0,32 (IPP); 0,77 (PPP); e 0,66 (PAD) e com P18 foram iguais a 0,21 (parâmetro A); 0,42 (parâmetro k); -0,29 (IPP); 0,65 (PPP); e 0,60 (PAD). Estes resultados indicam que PD, P12, P18, PPP, PAD e os parâmetros A e k das fêmeas possuem variação genética aditiva suficiente para responderem à seleção massal e que a seleção para PD, P12 e P18 deve resultar em respostas correlacionadas desejáveis em IPP e k, mas indesejáveis em PPP e PAD.<br>The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic correlations of female body weights at weaning (BWW), 12 (W12) and 18 (W18) months of age with age at first calving (AFC), body weight at first calving (WFC), adult body weight (ABW), and the parameters for mature weight (A) and maturation rate (k) obtained using the Von Bertalanffy model, in a Canchim herd. The restricted maximum likelihood method, with two-trait analyses, was used with models that included the fixed effects of contemporary group and the random additive direct effect. For BWW the model also included the covariate age of cow at calving (linear and quadratic effects) and the additive maternal and the permanent environmental random effects, and for ABW the model included also the fixed effect of age of cow. The means of the heritability estimates were equal to: 0.37 (BWW), 0.31 (W12), 0.35 (W18), 0.39 (A), 0.29 (k), 0.13 (AFC), 0.39 (WFC), and 0.42 (ABW). The genetic correlations between BWW and the other traits were: 0.46 (A), 0.02 (k), -0.12 (AFC), 0.66 (WFC) and 0.42 (ABW). With W12 they were equal to 0.39 (A), 0.31 (k), -0.32 (AFC), 0.77 (WFC) and 0.66 (ABW), while with W18 they were equal to 0.21 (A), 0.42 (k), -0.29 (AFC), 0.65 (WFC) and 0.60 (ABW) These results indicate that selection to increase BWW, W12, W18, WFC, ABW, and parameters A and k should result in direct genetic responses, and that selection to increase female body weights from weaning to 18 months of age should result in favorable responses in AFC and parameter k, but in unfavorable correlated responses in WFC and ABW

Morphological aspects of the ovaries of turtle Kinosternon scorpioides raised in captivity

The swear turtle "jurará" (Kinosternon scorpioides) is a mud turtle of the Amazon region exposed to disordering capture in the rural areas of Maranhão, Brazil. Despite its popularity in these areas, little meaningful information regarding the reproductive morphology is currently available, fact that impedes the adoption of policies for preservation of the species. To obtain more information, we studied the ovarian morphology adult jurará females kept in captivity by morphological and morphometric analysis in the dry and rainy season. The results revealed that all females were sexually mature and were in a vitellogenic period. The ovaries are two irregular structures composed by follicles in different stages of development (primary, secondary and tertiary) scattered in a stroma of loose connective highly vascularized tissue. The ovary weight was 6.25±4.23g and 2.27±1.42g, for the right and left one respectively. The gonadosomatic indexes were 2.06% for the dry season and 1.79% for the rainy season. The average of the follicles was 29.83 units per ovary. Microscopically, the mature ovaries revealed a basal layer composed by four cellular layers: the inner and outer theca, stratum granulosum with perivitelline membrane and zona radiata with vitelline membrane. No significant differences were observed in the ovaries either in the dry or wet period