Phantom with Pulsatile Arteries to Investigate the Influence of Blood Vessel Depth on Pulse Oximeter Signal Strength

This paper describes a three-layer head phantom with artificial pulsating arteries at five different depths (1.2 mm, 3.7 mm, 6.8 mm, 9.6 mm and 11.8 mm). The structure enables formation of spatially and temporally varying tissue properties similar to those of living tissues. In our experiment, pressure pulses were generated in the arteries by an electronically controlled pump. The physical and optical parameters of the layers and the liquid in the artificial arteries were similar to those of real tissues and blood. The amplitude of the pulsating component of the light returning from the phantom tissues was measured at each artery depth mentioned above. The build-up of the in-house-developed pulse oximeter used for performing the measurements and the physical layout of the measuring head are described. The radiant flux generated by the LED on the measuring head was measured to be 1.8 mW at 910 nm. The backscattered radiant flux was measured, and found to be 0.46 nW (0.26 ppm), 0.55 nW (0.31 ppm), and 0.18 nW (0.10 ppm) for the 1.2 mm, 3.7 mm and 6.8 mm arteries, respectively. In the case of the 9.6 mm and 11.8 mm arteries, useful measurement data were not obtained owing to weak signals. We simulated the phantom with the arteries at the above-mentioned five depths and at two additional ones (2.5 mm and 5.3 mm in depth) using the Monte Carlo method. The measurement results were verified by the simulation results. We concluded that in case of 11 mm source-detector separation the arteries at a depth of about 2.5 mm generate the strongest pulse oximeter signal level in a tissue system comprising three layers of thicknesses: 1.5 mm (skin), 5.0 mm (skull), and >50 mm (brain)

Los mundos [teóricos] de Coraline: Psicoanálisis, Postfeminismo y Postmodernismo en el cine de animación

[ES] Este artículo contribuye al estudio de diferentes metodologías como modo de aproximación al estudio teórico sobre la animación, utilizando como caso de estudio la película de animación Los Mundos de Coraline (Henry Selick, 2009), que incorpora a su complejo hilo argumental ideas procedentes de diversos movimientos histórico-sociales y filosóficos. Además, esta investigación justifica la necesidad de integrar en el actual cine de animación una fuerte inspiración teórica en la narrativa, además de las innovaciones tecnológicas que se desarrollan paralelamente. A través de la revisión de esta producción animada, se alega que los personajes animados pueden y deben ser protagonistas de narrativas tan profundas como las que aquí se tratan, ya que la animación tiene la potencialidad de incidir profundamente en cuestiones como la confirmación de la identidad o el desarrollo cognitivo del personaje protagonista, a través de la simbólica visualización de sus experiencias, miedos y frustraciones en el camino hacia su madurez.Martínez González, E. (2011). Los mundos [teóricos] de Coraline: Psicoanálisis, Postfeminismo y Postmodernismo en el cine de animación. Con A de Animación. (1):79-96. doi:10.4995/caa.2011.8627996

Impedimetric array in polymer microfluidic cartridge for low cost point-of-care diagnostics

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