Site Suitability Analysis for Urban Development: A Review

Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) are the most common techniques used to analyze the potential sites for urban development. These techniques are very simple and flexible for the analysis process. The paper is basically a review of site suitability analysis for urban development. Over the past decade, a significant amount of research has been conducted for finding the suitability of site. Different authors have used various techniques for the land suitability. ArcGIS software were used to analyze different thematic layers for finding suitable areas, for this purpose satellite data were used for creating various layers. Various factors were identified for criteria evaluation. By comparing each factor according to their importance, weights of each factor is generated. Criteria weights and maps were combined using ArcGIS tools. With the help of weights and criteria final suitability map were prepared. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15063

Is the outcrop topology of dolerite dikes of the Precambrian Singhbhum Craton fractal?

In the Precambrian Singhbhum Craton of eastern India, newer dolerite dikes occur profusely with varying outcrop lengths. We have analysed the nature of their length-size and orientation distributions in relation to the theory of fractals. Two orientational sets of dikes (NW-SE and NE-SW) are present. Both the sets show strongly non-power-law size distributions, as reflected in non-linear variations in logarithmic space. We analyzed thousands of data, revealing that polynomial functions with a degree of 3 to 4 are the best representatives of the non-linear variations. Orientation analysis shows that the degree of dispersions from the mean trend tends to decrease with increasing dike length. The length-size distributions were studied by simulating fractures in physical models. Experimental fractures also show a non-power-law distribution, which grossly conforms to those of the dolerite dikes. This type of complex size distributions results from the combined effects of nucleation, propagation and coalescence of fractures

The mechanical and microstructural behaviour of calcite-dolomite composites: An experimental investigation

The styles and mechanisms of deformation associated with many variably dolomitized limestone shear systems are strongly controlled by strain partitioning between dolomite and calcite. Here, we present experimental results from the deformation of four composite materials designed to address the role of dolomite on the strength of limestone. Composites were synthesized by hot isostatic pressing mixtures of dolomite (Dm) and calcite powders (% Dm: 25%-Dm, 35%-Dm, 51%-Dm, and 75%-Dm). In all composites, calcite is finer grained than dolomite. The synthesized materials were deformed in torsion at constant strain rate (3 × 10−4 and 1 × 10−4 s−1), high effective pressure (262 MPa), and high temperature (750 °C) to variable finite shear strains. Mechanical data show an increase in yield strength with increasing dolomite content. Composites with 50%) dolomite content samples, the addition of 25% fine-grained calcite significantly weakens dolomite, such that strain can be partially localized along narrow ribbons of fine-grained calcite. Deformation of dolomite grains by shear fracture is observed; there is no intracrystalline deformation in dolomite irrespective of its relative abundance and finite shear strain

Binding of Gemini Bisbenzimidazole Drugs with Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex Dimers: Effect of the Spacer in the Design of Potent Telomerase Inhibitors

The study of anticancer agents that act via stabilization of telomeric G-quadruplex DNA (G4DNA) is important because such agents often inhibit telomerase activity. Several types of G4DNA binding ligands are known. In these studies, the target structures often involve a single G4 DNA unit formed by short DNA telomeric sequences. However, the 3′-terminal single-stranded human telomeric DNA can form higher-order structures by clustering consecutive quadruplex units (dimers or n-mers). Herein, we present new synthetic gemini (twin) bisbenzimidazole ligands, in which the oligo-oxyethylene spacers join the two bisbenzimidazole units for the recognition of both monomeric and dimeric G4DNA, derived from d(T2AG3)4 and d(T2AG3)8 human telomeric DNA, respectively. The spacer between the two bisbenzimidazoles in the geminis plays a critical role in the G4DNA stability. We report here (i) synthesis of new effective gemini anticancer agents that are selectively more toxic towards the cancer cells than the corresponding normal cells; (ii) formation and characterization of G4DNA dimers in solution as well as computational construction of the dimeric G4DNA structures. The gemini ligands direct the folding of the single-stranded DNA into an unusually stable parallel-stranded G4DNA when it was formed in presence of the ligands in KCl solution and the gemini ligands show spacer length dependent potent telomerase inhibition properties

Aqueous-Phase Synthesis of Silver Nanodiscs and Nanorods in Methyl Cellulose Matrix: Photophysical Study and Simulation of UV–Vis Extinction Spectra Using DDA Method

We present a very simple and effective way for the synthesis of tunable coloured silver sols having different morphologies. The procedure is based on the seed-mediated growth approach where methyl cellulose (MC) has been used as soft-template in the growth solution. Nanostructures of varying morphologies as well as colour of the silver sols are controlled by altering the concentration of citrate in the growth solution. Similar to the polymers in the solution, citrate ions also dynamically adsorbed on the growing silver nanoparticles and promote one (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) growth of nanoparticles. Silver nanostructures are characterized using UV–vis and HR-TEM spectroscopic study. Simulation of the UV–vis extinction spectra of our synthesized silver nanostructures has been carried out using discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method

Arctic Energy Technology Development Laboratory

The Arctic Energy Technology Development Laboratory was created by the University of Alaska Fairbanks in response to a congressionally mandated funding opportunity through the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), specifically to encourage research partnerships between the university, the Alaskan energy industry, and the DOE. The enabling legislation permitted research in a broad variety of topics particularly of interest to Alaska, including providing more efficient and economical electrical power generation in rural villages, as well as research in coal, oil, and gas. The contract was managed as a cooperative research agreement, with active project monitoring and management from the DOE. In the eight years of this partnership, approximately 30 projects were funded and completed. These projects, which were selected using an industry panel of Alaskan energy industry engineers and managers, cover a wide range of topics, such as diesel engine efficiency, fuel cells, coal combustion, methane gas hydrates, heavy oil recovery, and water issues associated with ice road construction in the oil fields of the North Slope. Each project was managed as a separate DOE contract, and the final technical report for each completed project is included with this final report. The intent of this process was to address the energy research needs of Alaska and to develop research capability at the university. As such, the intent from the beginning of this process was to encourage development of partnerships and skills that would permit a transition to direct competitive funding opportunities managed from funding sources. This project has succeeded at both the individual project level and at the institutional development level, as many of the researchers at the university are currently submitting proposals to funding agencies, with some success

Localization of plastic zones in rocks around rigid inclusions: insights from experimental and theoretical models

Employing analogue and numerical experiments, we investigated the process of plastic creep in the vicinity of stiff inclusions and its role in the formation of shear zones. Analogue experiments were performed on Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) models in pure shear ( ε≈10-4 s-1), which produced shear zones at a bulk strain >0.05. The geometrical dispositions of the shear zones do not conform to the stress concentration map derived from the plane theory of elasticity. At the initial stage ( εb < 0.03), PMMA models began to deform plastically in four discrete strain localizations, tracking the stress concentration map. These incipient plastic locations develop a new stress field, diverting the zone of plastic yield in the form of multiple shear zones. Finite element models were run to demonstrate the formation of shear zones in this mode. The pattern of shear zones varied with the inclusion geometry. Inclusions of low aspect ratio (<1.5) gave rise to multiple sets of shear zones in their neighborhood. The multiplicity of shear zones tends to progressively decrease toward a single set of conjugate zones when the inclusions have relatively high aspect ratio (>2) and are oriented at an angle (> 20°) to the bulk compression direction. Inclusions with a large aspect ratio (> 4) developed a single dominant shear zone. The experimental findings can be compared to inclusion-controlled shear zones from naturally deformed rocks

Formation of riedel shear fractures in granular materials: findings from analogue shear experiments and theoretical analyses

We performed simple shear experiments to investigate the development of low- (R1) and high- (R2) angle Riedel shear localization in wet sand-talc mixtures with varying volume proportions. With increasing talc content, the granular medium underwent rheological changes, showing larger homogeneous ductile strains prior to brittle failure. Talc-rich models developed a perceptible penetrative planar fabric of flaky talc grains in response to the ductile strains. The relative growth of R1 and R2 also varies consistently with talc content. Both R1 and R2 formed equally at angles of ~15° and ~75° to the bulk shear direction, respectively, when the medium was of pure sand. In contrast, a talc-rich (90% by volume) medium produced only R1 shear fractures. The rheological changes and the presence of a shape fabric in the medium appear to be the potential factors resulting in the variation of R1 versus R2 growth in the experiments. We present a theoretical analysis to show possible effects of the penetrative fabric independently, considering mechanical anisotropy in the medium. This analysis takes into account two anisotropic factors, m: ratio of shear and Young's modulii, and n: ratio of Young's modulii along and across the fabric. The shear failure is assumed to follow a Coulomb-Navier criterion. Theoretical calculations show that the Coulomb stress factor (F) for isotropic materials (m = 0.33 and n = 1) reaches maximum values on planes oriented at angles of 15° and 75° to the bulk shear plane, leading to shear failure along both R1 and R2. In the case of anisotropic materials (m < 0.33 or n > 1), the stress factor is characterized by a single maximum of F within the range of 0° to 90°, corresponding to planes oriented at a low angle to the bulk shear plane (R1)

Syn-Shearing Deformation Mechanisms of Minerals in Partially Molten Metapelites

International audienceWe investigated an experimentally sheared (γ = 15, γ˙ = 3 × 10-4 s-1, 300 MPa, 750°C) quartz-muscovite aggregate to understand the deformation of parent and new crystals in partially molten rocks. The scanning electron microscope and electron backscatter diffraction analyses along the longitudinal axial section of the cylindrical sample suggest that quartz and muscovite melted partially and later produced K-feldspar, ilmenite, biotite, mullite, and cordierite. Quartz grains became finer, and muscovite was almost entirely consumed in the process. With increasing γ, melt and crystal fractions decreased and increased, respectively. Among the new minerals, K-feldspar grains (highest area fraction and coarsest) nucleated first, whereas cordierite and mullite grains, finest and least in number, respectively, nucleated last. Fine grain size, weak crystallographic preferred orientations, low intragranular deformation, and equant shapes suggest both initial and new minerals deformed dominantly by melt-assisted grain boundary sliding, which is further substantiated by higher misorientations between adjacent grains of quartz, K-feldspar, and ilmenite

Rotation of single rigid inclusions embedded in an anisotropic matrix: a theoretical study

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of instantaneous rotation of elliptical rigid inclusions hosted in a foliated matrix under bulk tensile stress. The foliated matrix is modelled with orthotropic elastic rheology, considering two factors as measures of anisotropy: m = μ0/E01and n = E02/E01 , where μ0 is the shear modulus parallel to the foliation plane E01and E02 and are the Young moduli along and across the foliation, respectively. Normalized instantaneous inclusion rotation (θ) is plotted as a function of the bulk tension direction (α) with respect to the long axis of the inclusion, taking into account two parameters: (1) anisotropic factors m and n, and (2) the inclination of the foliation plane to the long axis of inclusion (θ). In the case of θ=0°, ω versus α variations are sinuous, showing maximum instantaneous rotation in positive and negative sense at α =45 and 135°, respectively, irrespective of m and n values. The magnitude of maximum ω increases with decrease in m, i.e. increasing degree of anisotropy in the matrix. On the other hand, decreasing the value of the anisotropic factor n results in decreasing instantaneous rotation. ω increases with the aspect ratio R of inclusion, assuming an asymptotic value when R is large. This asymptotic value is larger for lower values of m. In case of θ ≠0°, ω versus α variations are asymmetrical, showing maximum instantaneous rotation at varying inclusion orientation for different m. For given m and n, with increase in θ the sense of instantaneous rotation reverses at a critical value of θ