Las elecciones generales bolivianas de diciembre de 2009

Las elecciones generales bolivianas de diciembre de 2009 se desenvuelven en un contexto muy especial: son las primeras con la Nueva Constitución Política del Estado boliviano, las primeras en las que un presidente puede repetir mandato, las primeras en las que se aplica el nuevo padrón biométrico y las primeras en las que se ha instituido la posibilidad del voto desde el extranjero. Los temas fundamentales de esta campaña van más allá de la simple diferencia de votos entre el Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) de Evo Morales y sus competidores. Un objetivo electoral central de la oposición es evitar que Morales sea proclamado presidente en la primera vuelta. Por su parte, un objetivo electoral clave para el MAS es obtener algunos apoyos adicionales en el oriente que le permitan alcanzar la mayoría no sólo en el Congreso sino también en el Senado. Este ARI pretende profundizar en la comprensión de estas elecciones analizando el marco legal, el desarrollo del nuevo padrón y del voto en el extranjero, y las estrategias de la oposición y del partido en el gobierno

Who leads and who lags behind? Women MPs in the Spanish regional parliaments

Using systematic criteria, this article offers a descriptive analysis of the evolution in the percentage of women MPs in the 17 Spanish regional parliament from 1980 to 2011. The fluctuating gender composition of these parliaments is analysed in terms of thresholds, patterns of evolution, and paucity of the changes. These dimensions, under-studied in the literature on descriptive representation, are essential to understanding the growing feminization of the legislature. Three different regional models of incorporation of women MPs, forerunner, mixed and laggard, are identified, which provide valuable information about a) when the different ratios of women versus men representatives are attained, b) how stable or unstable the growth in the percentage of women is, and c) whether the changes are gradual or abrupt. We show that legislative quotas have a different impact depending on the specific regional model to which they apply. Considering the steady, comparatively fast and homogenous process of feminization of all the regional chambers, their relatively gender-balanced composition seems secure, as well as the attainment of the goal of parity laws.<br><br>Mediante la aplicación de criterios sistemáticos, este trabajo realiza una descripción analítica de la evolución en el porcentaje de mujeres parlamentarias en los 17 parlamentos regionales españoles desde 1980 hasta 2011. Se analiza su fluctuante composición por género a través de umbrales, pautas de evolución y ritmo de los cambios. Estas dimensiones, poco estudiadas por la literatura sobre representación descriptiva, son cruciales a la hora de entender la creciente feminización del legislativo regional. El análisis identifica tres modelos de incorporación de las representantes, el precursor, el mixto y el rezagado, que proporcionan una valiosa información en relación con: a) cuándo se alcanzan las distintas ratios de mujeres frente a hombres, b) si la evolución en el número de parlamentarias es estable o no, y c) si los cambios son graduales o bruscos. Se comprueba que las cuotas legislativas de género tienen distintos efectos que dependen del modelo regional sobre el que se apliquen. Considerando el constante, y comparativamente rápido y homogéneo proceso de ‘feminización’ de los legislativos regionales, parece que su composición por género relativamente equilibrada está asegurada, así como el cumplimiento de las leyes de paridad

FLUKA simulations for the optimization of the Beam Loss Monitors

The collimation system in the beam cleaning insertion IR7 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is expected to clean the primary halo and the secondary radiation of a beam with unprecedented energy and intensity. Accidental beam losses can therefore entail severe consequences to the hardware of the machine. Thus, protection mechanisms, e.g. beam abort, must be instantaneously triggered by a set of Beam Loss Monitors (BLM's). The readings in the BLM's couple the losses from various collimators, thus rendering the identification of any faulty unit rather complex. In the present study the detailed geometry of IR7 is upgraded with the insertion of the BLM's, and the Monte Carlo FLUKA transport code is used to estimate the individual contribution of every collimator to the showers detected in each BLM

Technical Description of the implementation of IR7 section at LHC with the FLUKA transport code.

This document contains the technical description of the LHC IR7 FLUKA implementation. It has been written as a handbook to analyze, understand or modify the heat deposition Monte Carlo calculations performed for a wide variety of objects in the IR7 section of the LHC accelerator, in construction at CERN. The work includes references to the prototyping schemes and the implementation of a complex set-up for FLUKA, which deals with lists of objects and properties defined in the Twiss parameters through the use of the LATTICE concept and of a broad collection of user written subroutines

¿Quién lidera y quién va a la zaga? Parlamenterias en los parlamentos autonómicos españoles

Using systematic criteria, this article offers a descriptive analysis of the evolution in the percentage of women MPs in the 17 Spanish regional parliament from 1980 to 2011. The fluctuating gender composition of these parliaments is analysed in terms of thresholds, patterns of evolution, and paucity of the changes. These dimensions, under-studied in the literature on descriptive representation, are essential to understanding the growing feminization of the legislature. Three different regional models of incorporation of women MPs, forerunner, mixed and laggard, are identified, which provide valuable information about a) when the different ratios of women versus men representatives are attained, b) how stable or unstable the growth in the percentage of women is, and c) whether the changes are gradual or abrupt. We show that legislative quotas have a different impact depending on the specific regional model to which they apply. Considering the steady, comparatively fast and homogenous process of feminization of all the regional chambers, their relatively gender-balanced composition seems secure, as well as the attainment of the goal of parity laws.Mediante la aplicación de criterios sistemáticos, este trabajo realiza una descripción analítica de la evolución en el porcentaje de mujeres parlamentarias en los 17 parlamentos regionales españoles desde 1980 hasta 2011. Se analiza su fluctuante composición por género a través de umbrales, pautas de evolución y ritmo de los cambios. Estas dimensiones, poco estudiadas por la literatura sobre representación descriptiva, son cruciales a la hora de entender la creciente feminización del legislativo regional. El análisis identifica tres modelos de incorporación de las representantes, el precursor, el mixto y el rezagado, que proporcionan una valiosa información en relación con: a) cuándo se alcanzan las distintas ratios de mujeres frente a hombres, b) si la evolución en el número de parlamentarias es estable o no, y c) si los cambios son graduales o bruscos. Se comprueba que las cuotas legislativas de género tienen distintos efectos que dependen del modelo regional sobre el que se apliquen. Considerando el constante, y comparativamente rápido y homogéneo proceso de ‘feminización’ de los legislativos regionales, parece que su composición por género relativamente equilibrada está asegurada, así como el cumplimiento de las leyes de paridad

LHC collimation efficiency during commissioning

The design of the LHC collimation system requires understanding and maximizing the ultimate performance with all collimators. However, for the commissioning of the LHC it is important to analyze the collimation efficiency with certain subsets of collimators, with increased collimator gaps and relaxed set-up tolerances. Special studies on halo tracking and energy deposition have been performed in order to address this question. The expected cleaning performance and intensity limits are discussed for various collimation scenarios which might be used during commissioning of the LHC

Optimization of the active absorber scheme for the protection of the Dispersion Suppressor

There are two main types of cold elements in IR7: quadrupole and dipole magnets (MQ and MB). According to predictions, these objects are to lose their superconducting properties if the spurious power densities reach about 1 and 5 mW/cm3, respectively. In order to protect these fragile components, 5 active absorbers (TCLA) were designed and a systematic study was launched to maximize the shielding efficiency of the absorber system for different configurations (locations and orientations). The TCLA's are identical to the secondary collimators (TCS), the only difference is found in the material of the jaw, which, initially, was set integrally to Cu (instead of C) and later included a small W insertion. This report summarizes the survey of cold element protection through TCLA insertion optimization

Los procesos electorales en el mundo durante el Covid-19: Especial referencia al caso español

La pandemia del COVID-19 ha supuesto un enorme reto para la celebración de elecciones en todo el planeta, al que las instituciones de diferentes países o regiones han respondido mediante un amplio abanico de medidas. En este trabajo, estudiamos cómo ha afectado la pandemia a la organización de las elecciones y a los resultados electorales. En la primera sección de este trabajo, discutimos las distintas medidas aplicadas para responder a la emergencia sanitaria, primero, desde una perspectiva comparada, y luego, centrándonos en las que se adoptaron en el caso español. En la segunda, analizamos los efectos electorales de la pandemia, tanto sobre la decisión de votar o abstenerse como en lo tocante a la decisión de a qué fuerza política respaldar electoralmente. Como antes, partimos de una perspectiva comparada y luego estudiamos con más detalle el caso español. El capítulo se cierra con unas conclusiones y una discusión finalThe COVID-19 pandemic has posed a tremendous challenge for the celebration of elections worldwide, to which the institutions of different countries or regions have responded with an ample range of measures. In this work, we study how the pandemic has affected the organization of elections and the electoral results. In the first section, we discuss the different measures adopted to face the health emergency, first, from a comparative perspective, and then focusing on those adopted in the Spanish case. In the second part, we analyse the electoral effects of the pandemic, both on the decision to vote or abstain and on the vote choice. As before, we begin with a comparative standpoint and then focus on the Spanish case. The chapter is closed with conclusions and a final discussio

Studies of release properties of ISOLDE targets

Off-line release rates of Be, Mg, S, Mn and Kr from refractory materials were studied. Mn yields were determined from a ZrO2 target and Kr yields from a SrO and ZrO2 targets. A Monte Carlo code to optimize ISOLDE targets was introduced

Radiation Protection Studies for LCLS Tune Up Dump

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is a pioneer fourth generation hard x-ray free electron laser that shall start to deliver laser pulses in 2009. Among other components of LCLS that present radiation protection concerns, the tune up dump (tdund) is of special interest because it also constitutes an issue for machine protection, as it is placed close to radiation sensitive components, like electronic devices and permanent magnets in the undulators. This paper first introduces the stopper of tdund looking at the heat load, and then it describes the shielding around the dump necessary to maintain the prompt and residual dose within design values. Next, preliminary comparisons of the magnetization loss in a dedicated on-site magnet irradiation experiment with FLUKA simulations serve to characterize the magnetic response to radiation of magnets like those of LCLS. The previous knowledge, together with the limit for the allowed demagnetization, are used to estimate the lifetime of the undulator. Further simulations provide guidelines on which lifetime can be expected for an electronic device placed at a given distance of tdund