Particulate organic carbon in agrosystems in the brazilian Semiarid.

Drylands cover about 40% of the planet, in which 44% are occupied with cultivated systems. Covering 45% of Brazilian Semiarid the grasslands are main land use this region. In order to increase biomass production and provide food for goats, sheep and bovines are implanted different agrosystems with differences species Cenchurs ciliairis L. (CC), Opuntia ficus indica Mill. (OF), Gliricidia sepium Jacq. (Walp.) (GS), Leucaena leucocephala Lam. De Wit. (LL). However, with removal of native vegetation (NV) there is a change in supply plant material and hence in soil organic matter (SOM), which is formed by substances in different stages of decomposition. Among the chemical components contained in SOM is carbon (C), the main structuring element of nature. In soils, the C can be in the form particulate organic carbon (POC), coming from the biotic residues being quite susceptible to change of land use, and mineral-associated carbon fraction formed by organomineral complexes that are not available to decomposition . POC is associated with the active compartment and can be lost more eas ly, depending on land use. In sense, to evaluate how the introduction of new species for animal feeding can modify the POC, soil samples were collected at following depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30, 30- 40 cm, with four replicates for uses with different ages: NV (always preserved), CC (30 yr), OF (21 yr), GS (17 yr) and LL (24 yr). The air dried soil was separated in a 53 ?m sieve, where the particles larger than >53 ?m corresponded to POC

Strong chromatic index of subcubic planar multigraphs

The strong chromatic index of a multigraph is the minimum k such that the edge set can be k-colored requiring that each color class induces a matching. We verify a conjecture of Faudree, Gyarfas, Schelp and Tuza, showing that every planar multigraph with maximum degree at most 3 has strong chromatic index at most 9, which is sharp. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

FLUKA simulations for the optimization of the Beam Loss Monitors

The collimation system in the beam cleaning insertion IR7 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is expected to clean the primary halo and the secondary radiation of a beam with unprecedented energy and intensity. Accidental beam losses can therefore entail severe consequences to the hardware of the machine. Thus, protection mechanisms, e.g. beam abort, must be instantaneously triggered by a set of Beam Loss Monitors (BLM's). The readings in the BLM's couple the losses from various collimators, thus rendering the identification of any faulty unit rather complex. In the present study the detailed geometry of IR7 is upgraded with the insertion of the BLM's, and the Monte Carlo FLUKA transport code is used to estimate the individual contribution of every collimator to the showers detected in each BLM