Gestão comunitária da água: Soluções e dificuldades do saneamento rural no Brasil

The infrastructure of public services for rural areas and the outskirts of cities, on the global level, has shown the worst coverage and quality indicators. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported, in 2017, that 55% of rural inhabitants had access to safe water and only 35% had access to a safe sanitation system. In Latin America and Brazil, the fact is no different, according, as highlighted in this paper. In the country, close to 31 million people live in the countryside and depend on individual or collective solutions. Because of the low amount of data and publications on this subject, the main objective of this text is to describe this reality and highlight water supply solutions in rural areas, their importance, difficulties and challenges. We discuss the experience of Latin America and Brazil with solutions through Community Organizations for Water and Sanitation Services (OCSAS), or community water management (GCA), whose actions are aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The need for protagonism and community organization is highlighted, as well as the participation of social organizations, in addition to the actions of the State and sanitation companies, to enable simplified water supply solutions for rural producers, indigenous and traditional communities. The text identifies several bottlenecks and points out suggestions for guarantee financing, expansion and continuity of community water systems

ANÁLISE DA COMPOSIÇÃO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DAS RECEITAS DE ESTABELECIMENTOS FAMILIARES NA REGIÃO NORDESTE

Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar a composição das receitas e rendas de estabelecimentos agropecuários que integram o modelo familiar e identificar a presença de padrões de comportamento espacial entre as receitas e seus componentes na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises descritivas de dados do Censo Agropecuário 2017 e uma abordagem espacial através do cálculo do Índice I de Moran, para medir a presença de autocorrelação espacial, e análise de clusters, para verificar o comportamento das receitas na região. Os resultados apontam para heterogeneidades entre os modelos familiar e não familiar na região e indicam uma grande dependência do produtor familiar a fontes externas de rendas, a exemplo das aposentadorias e pensões. Apesar da fraca autocorrelação espacial, os clusters das receitas externas e rendas provenientes de políticas e programas governamentais se sobrepõem à área abrangida pelo semiárido, indicando maior dependência desses recursos nesses municípios

Regulação e investimento no setor de saneamento no Brasil: Trajetórias, desafios e incertezas

This paper describes and analyzes the trajectory of water and sanitation policies in Brazil, with emphasis on the Union acts on financing and regulation evolution in the sector. The objective is to point the different regulatory forms and models already tried, as well as to highlight the different forms of action of the State and the private sector and to discuss remaining challenges. The difficulties to overcome low regional rates of coverage of water supply services and, mainly, sanitary sewage that are listed on the Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (Plansab), Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS) and Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua). We highlight the central elements and perspectives in face of current scenario of changes in Law 11445/2007, which provides guidelines, instruments and ways to finance services, giving water and sewage services a status of the infrastructure and health sectors. Among the conclusions we point: the recent advances in state and municipal regulation; advances and uncertainties in the changes in the regulatory framework under implementation; and the tendency to increase the weight of the tariff to investments. Suggestions are presented to improve the sanitation policy and its instruments, as well as for regulation and State investments in the sector

Saneamento no Brasil: Proposta de priorização do investimento público

Based on the acknowledged importance of the State actions in water supply and sewage services, this article aims to present a methodological proposal for prioritizing public investment in this area. Therefore, based on the attributions applied in the legislation, Brazilian municipalities were classified based on a set of indicators, and classification groups of priorities were created, in order to balance the conditions of access to public financial resources. It is, also considered that the improvement of the allocation of Union resources in the sector, through times of fiscal crisis, must follow the requirement that meet the risks in the situation of greater social vulnerability and municipalities with greater deficits. As a result, are listed 961 municipalities with top priority and second priority degrees, as well as two other groups with precarious water or sanitation services that must be considered, benefiting 35.7 million inhabitants. It is also pointed out additional suggestions with complementary meaning, such as investment actions and integrated management policies related to this theme

Competitividade e efeito de medidas políticas no consórcio cacaueiro-seringueira

The present work analyzed the competitiveness and efficiency of the consortium production system of the cocoa with the rubber tree, in the southern Bahia, through the policies analysis matrix method developed by Monke and Pearson. PAM indicators were measured and grouped into four categories: profitability analysis; efficiency analysis; protection analysis; and net policies transfers. The obtained results allow affirming that the intercropping of cocoa crops with the rubber tree is a lucrative and competitive activity, from a private and social point of view. However, producers are penalized by policies that affect the product and inputs. Moreover, it was observed that indicators’ behavior are conditioned to cocoa and natural rubber prices fluctuations

Competitividade e efeito de medidas políticas no consórcio cacaueiro-seringueira

The present work analyzed the competitiveness and efficiency of the consortium production system of the cocoa with the rubber tree, in the southern Bahia, through the policies analysis matrix method developed by Monke and Pearson. PAM indicators were measured and grouped into four categories: profitability analysis; efficiency analysis; protection analysis; and net policies transfers. The obtained results allow affirming that the intercropping of cocoa crops with the rubber tree is a lucrative and competitive activity, from a private and social point of view. However, producers are penalized by policies that affect the product and inputs. Moreover, it was observed that indicators’ behavior are conditioned to cocoa and natural rubber prices fluctuations