The word "probatio" between rhetoric, history and roman law

La palabra "probatio"supone una declaración de aprobación de un magistrado o autoridad competenteen relación a documentos o trabajos a examen. Este estudio intenta ofrecer un amplio punto de vista en significados, lo que muestra la diferencia que hay según se use en campus judiciales, científicos, administrativos o contractuales.Una parte está dedicada a su uso latino. La intención es informar de los usos en términos contractuales que nos parecen básicos para entender el significado de la palabra.The word “probatio “points to an approbatory statement, delivered by the magistrate or another public authority, in connection to a document or work presented for examination. The present study intends to offer a wider view of its meanings, which will take into account how differently the term is used in trials, and in scientific, administrative, contractual fields. Part of the essay will be devoted to explain some uses of the term among the most important latin historians. The aim is to enlighten, among the meanings of the term, its “contractual” nuance, which seemed to us the most essential one for the complete understanding of the word.Il termine “probatio” indica una dichiarazione approvativa emessa dal magistrato o da altra autorità competente in relazione a una documentazione o opera presentata a vaglio. Il presente lavoro si propone di offrire una ampia panoramica delle sue accezioni, che tenga conto dei vari utilizzi: nel campo processuale, in quello scientifico, in quello amministrativo e contrattuale. Un paragrafo specifico del lavoro sarà dedicato ad alcuni utilizzi del termine presso alcuni dei maggiori storici latini. Si tenterà di fare emergere, nel significato del termine, una sua sfumatura “concordataria”, quella che ci è sembrata la più essenziale per la sua comprensione

Radial coherent and intelligent states of paraxial wave equation

Ladder operators for the radial index of the paraxial optical modes in the cylindrical coordinates are calculated. The operators obey the su(1,1) algebra commutation relations. Based on this Lie algebra, we found that coherent modes constructed as eigenstates of the destruction operator or resulting from the action of the displacement operator on the fundamental mode are different. Some properties of these two kinds of radial coherent modes are studied in detail.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure

Coherent response of a low T_c Josephson junction to an ultrafast laser pulse

By irradiating with a single ultrafast laser pulse a superconducting electrode of a Josephson junction it is possible to drive the quasiparticles (qp's) distribution strongly out of equilibrium. The behavior of the Josephson device can, thus, be modified on a fast time scale, shorter than the qp's relaxation time. This could be very useful, in that it allows fast control of Josephson charge qubits and, in general, of all Josephson devices. If the energy released to the top layer contact $S1$ of the junction is of the order of $\sim \mu J$, the coherence is not degradated, because the perturbation is very fast. Within the framework of the quasiclassical Keldysh Green's function theory, we find that the order parameter of $S1$ decreases. We study the perturbed dynamics of the junction, when the current bias is close to the critical current, by integrating numerically its classical equation of motion. The optical ultrafast pulse can produce switchings of the junction from the Josephson state to the voltage state. The switches can be controlled by tuning the laser light intensity and the pulse duration of the Josephson junction.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure

Nonlocality, No-Signalling and Bell's Theorem investigated by Weyl's Conformal Differential Geometry

The principles and methods of the Conformal Quantum Geometrodynamics (CQG) based on the Weyl's differential geometry are presented. The theory applied to the case of the relativistic single quantum spin 1/2 leads a novel and unconventional derivation of Dirac's equation. The further extension of the theory to the case of two spins 1/2 in EPR entangled state and to the related violation of Bell's inequalities leads, by an exact albeit non relativistic analysis, to an insightful resolution of all paradoxes implied by quantum nonlocality.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1203.003

Photon spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion via an electrically tunable qq-plate

Exploiting electro-optic effects in liquid crystals, we achieved real-time control of the retardation of liquid- crystal-based $q$-plates through an externally applied voltage. The newly conceived electro-optic $q$-plates can be operated as electrically driven converters of photon spin into orbital angular momentum, enabling a variation of the orbital angular momentum probabilities of the output photons over a time scale of milliseconds.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, submitte