More than terminology: using ICNP to enhance nursing's visibility in Italy

Background: The International Council of Nurses (ICN) has elaborated an international terminology for nursing practice [International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP)] that can be useful to catalogue the problems of a nursing nature in diagnosis and also find a system for the classification of nursing activities. ICNP is also the reason why the Italian association Consociazione, representing Italian Nurses at ICN, through the School of Advanced Nursing of the University 'La Sapienza' of Rome, has set up a working group for the translation and experimentation of the ICNP version Beta 2. Content: In this article the ICNP beta translation and validation into Italian is considered with some scenarios of how benefit could be derived by its utilization for nursing's visibility. The visibility of nursing care can be measured not only through patient outcomes but also by studying the existing data of patient care documentation. To have a common language and terminology in nursing is important for a universal understanding. Results: Some philosophical reasoning on the genesis and development of 1CNP is discussed along with arguments for and against nursing classification systems. Some findings on Italian experimentation for nursing documentation as well as economical analysis are reported along with a vision for future development and utilization

Rose e spine

Editorial

Functional health literacy of asylum seekers and refugees. A pilot study in italy

Literature shows how some groups of populations, among which are people seeking international protection and refugees, find it difficult to access services in national health systems. Usually, asylum seekers have limited Health Literacy (HL), which makes understanding the appropriate health information difficult. The objective of this research is to consider the relationship between how people requesting international protection and refugees approach the Italian Health System to request health services and their level of Functional Health Literacy (FHL). These relationships are examined through mixed methods. Data were obtained using several tools: a self-administered questionnaire in which the subjects revealed social and demographic data and a face-to-face interview together with the S-FHL Scale fulfilment in order to identify the functional level of HL. Twenty-one subjects were interviewed in two Centers of Protection System for Asylum Seekers and Refugees (SPRAR). Results show a picture of the actual situation. Data report a problematic or insufficient FHL level. Some factors, such as gender, age and health perceptions, play a role in the FHL levels. Some racial prejudices were reported. Language barriers had the most impact on the communication gap. Nevertheless, none of the subjects were denied health services. In conclusion, although this study is a pilot, we have experienced difficulty in obtaining asylum seekers’ trust to be open about their experience. This explains the number of the sample that should be more indicated for a qualitative study. Our results are in accordance with literature for inadequate level of FHL and lack of knowledge of the Italian Health System. This study highlighted several other issues to be taken into consideration for future research on the subject

Physical activity scale for the elderly: translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Italian version

Objective. The aim of the study was to translate and culturally adapt the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly into Italian (PASE-I) and to evaluate its psychometric properties in the Italian older adults healthy population. Methods. For translation and cultural adaptation, the "Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures" guidelines have been followed. Participants included healthy individuals between 55 and 75 years old. The reliability and validity were assessed following the "Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Status Measurement Instruments" checklist. To evaluate internal consistency and test-retest reliability, Cronbach's α and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were, respectively, calculated. The Berg Balance Score (BBS) and the PASE-I were administered together, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated for validity. Results. All the PASE-I items were identical or similar to the original version. The scale was administered twice within a week to 94 Italian healthy older people. The mean PASE-I score in this study was 159±77.88. Cronbach's α was 0.815 (p < 0.01) and ICC was 0.977 (p < 0.01). The correlation with the BBS was 0.817 (p < 0.01). Conclusions. The PASE-I showed positive results for reliability and validity. This scale will be of great use to clinicians and researchers in evaluating and managing physical activities in the Italian older adults population

A Psychometric Properties Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Geriatric Depression Scale

Objective. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is an evaluation tool to diagnose older adult's depression. This questionnaire was defined by Yesavage and Brink in 1982; it was designed expressly for the older person and defines his/her degree of satisfaction, quality of life, and feelings. The objective of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian translation of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-IT). Methods. The Italian version of the Geriatric Depression Scale was administered to 119 people (79 people with a depression diagnosis and 40 healthy ones). We examined the following psychometric characteristics: internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and construct validity (factor structure). Results. Cronbach's Alpha for the GDS-IT administered to the depressed sample was 0.84. Test-retest reliability was 0.91 and the concurrent validity was 0.83. The factorial analysis showed a structure of 5 factors, and the scale cut-off is between 10 and 11. Conclusion. The GDS-IT proved to be a reliable and valid questionnaire for the evaluation of depression in an Italian population. In the present study, the GDS-IT showed good psychometric properties. Health professionals now have an assessment tool for the evaluation of depression symptoms in the Italian population

Reliability and validity of the geriatric depression scale in Italian subjects with Parkinson's disease

Introduction. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is commonly used to assess depressive symptoms, but its psychometric properties have never been examined in Italian people with Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to study the reliability and validity of the Italian version of the GDS in a sample of PD patients. Methods. The GDS was administered to 74 patients with PD in order to study its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct, and discriminant validity. Results. The internal consistency of GDS was excellent (α = 0.903), as well as the test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.941 [95% CI: 0.886-0.970]). GDS showed a strong correlation with instruments related to the depression (ρ = 0.880) in PD (ρ = 0.712) and a weak correlation with generic measurement instruments (-0.320 < ρ <-0.217). An area under the curve of 0.892 (95% CI 0.809-0.975) indicated a moderate capability to discriminate depressed patients to nondepressed patient, with a cutoff value between 15 and 16 points that predicts depression (sensitivity = 87%; specificity = 82%). Conclusion. The GDS is a reliable and valid tool in a sample of Italian PD subjects; this scale can be used in clinical and research contexts

Anatomy and physiology for nursing students: is problem-based learning effective?

This study investigated whether problem-based learning (PBL) was an effective strategy for nursing students learning anatomy and physiology. Anatomy and physiology are subject areas that have posed long standing difficulty for nursing students. Since anatomy and physiology underpin clinical decision making it is important that nursing students are able to understand and retain this knowledge and apply it to practice. Problem-based learning offers potential advantages for teaching anatomy and physiology as clinical cases can provide the impetus for student problem solving. This project trialled a simple PBL scenario and investigated students' response to the task of problem solving in a laboratory setting adapted to simulate a hospital ward. The study found students learn better, retain the knowledge and merge theory with simulated practice when a PBL teaching mode is used. While PBL was effective, blended, web based and hybrid PBL models warrant investigation.Key words: problem-based learning, student motivation, deep learning, anatomy and physiology, nursingQuesto studio vuole investigare se il metodo del problem-based learning (PBL) può essere utilizzato nell'insegnamento della anatomia e fisiologia agli studenti Infermieri visto che spesso hanno difficoltí  in queste discipline. E' importante che gli studenti comprendano e imparino bene i contenuti di queste materie poiché queste sono la base per prendere decisioni cliniche. Il metodo del PBL offre possibili vantaggi nell'insegnamento dell'anatomia e della fisiologia e fornisce agli studenti l' impulso di come portare alla soluzione dei problemi clinici. Questo studio ha usato uno scenario semplice utilizzando il metodo del PBL per valutare le risposte degli studenti e analizzare come risolvevano i problemi clinici in situazioni simulate di laboratorio, simili alla realtí  della corsia. I risultati di questo studio evidenziano che quando viene usato il metodo del PBL nella docenza. Gli studenti imparano meglio, ritengono più informazioni e possono meglio comprendere la teoria per svilupparla nella simulazione della pratica. Il metodo del PBL è stato efficace ma devono essere studiati ed applicati anche altri modelli come il metodo blended, il metodo basato sullo web e i metodi ibridi.Parole chiave: problem-based learning, motivazione di studenti, deep learning, anatomia e fisiologia, infermieristic

L'esperienza delle persone che sono state in coma e dei loro famigliari

RIASSUNTOIl presente articolo riporta, uno studio condotto con un metodo misto qualitativo e intervista semistrutturata, il vissuto dei pazienti che sono passati attraverso l'esperienza del risveglio dal coma, assieme al vissuto dei loro familiari. Sono state raccolte 8 interviste, in base alla disponibilití  dei pazienti, senza osservare la saturazione dei dati. Nel contempo, è stato intervistato il caregiver principale al quale si è chiesto di raccontare la propria esperienza. Le interviste sono state trascritte verbatim, lette attentamente e da queste sono stati estrapolati i significati. Nelle conclusioni si è cercato di raffigurare il risultato attraverso un modello che necessiterí  di ulteriore validazione.Parole chiave: risveglio dal coma, vissuto caregiver, vissuto individuale, esperienza di vita, empatiaABSTRACTThis article describes the experience of patients (8) who have come out of coma , using a method combining qualitative evaluation and semi-structured interview. The experience of the family members who acted as care-givers is also taken into consideration. Given the context, data saturation was not observed, and 8 interviews were obtained. The principle caregivers were also asked to describe their experience. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and read through carefully so that the significant aspects could be divided into groups using a model for the evaluation of outcome which requires further validation.Key words: awaking from coma, caregiver experience, individual experience, life experience, empath