FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION OF BI-LAYER TABLETS OF EFAVIRENZ, LAMIVUDINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE TABLETS 600 MG/300 MG/300 MG

Objective: This study is to formulate bi-layer tablet as a multidrug regimen against each reference listed drugs of Brand SUSTIVA® (efavirenz tablets 600 mg), EPIVER®(lamivudine tablets 300 mg), and VIREAD®(tenofovir disoproxil tablets 300 mg) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Which provides highly active antiretroviral therapy to provide effective treatment. Methods: Bilayer formulation was developed with each blend of layer-I (efavirenz) and layer-II (lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) through wet granulation process and roller compaction process, respectively. Further, both layers were compressed by using bi-layer compression followed by film coating. Layer-I and II formulations were developed by using various concentrations of diluents, surfactants, and disintegrants to improve the solubility of efavirenz and improve the flowability and uniformity of layer-II. Finally, the optimum formulation was developed to compare the in vitro dissolution with each branded formulation. Results: Drug-excipients interaction results revealed that the mixtures of three drug substances in 50 °C/75 % relative humidity (RH) resulted in an increase in tenofovir IMP-E and the highest unknown impurity was significantly increased and additionally decreased tenofovir assay in the presence of efavirenz. Sodium lauryl sulfate is very critical and it acts as a wetting agent and increases the solubility of efavirenz, and directly influences the dissolution of a drug product. Microcrystalline and croscarmellose sodium have a chance to affect the dissolution and friability of tenofovir. Powdered cellulose was acting as a diluent and flow property of the lamivudine part and it also affects the uniformity and dissolution. So, these ranges were optimized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates there are no polymorphic changes for the optimized formulation and there is no interaction between the three active substances, and finally, in vitro dissolution results for the optimized formulation against the reference drugs. Conclusion: Optimum formulation yielded consistent drug release against each branded drug to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV1) infections. This formulation is robust and easily scale up for the next stage

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION OF BILAYER TABLETS OF ATAZANAVIR SULFATE AND RITONAVIR 300 MG/100 MG

Objective: The objective of this study is to formulation and development of fixed-dose combination as a single dosage regimen by using the design of experiments (DOE) approach against the single dose of reference listed drugs of brand reyataz capsule 300 mg (atazanavir sulfate) and norvir tablets 100 mg (ritonavir tablets) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Infections. Methods: Formulation was developed with each blend of ritonavir by using hot-melt extrusion and atazanavir sulfate by wet granulation process and compressed by bilayer technology followed by film coating. Formulation and process optimization by design of experiments (DOE) to evaluate dissolution and related substances of the finished product. Fractional factorial (22+3) and full factorial design (33+3) by using a design expert (version 11.0) were used to evaluate the formulation and process variables to prepare a robust formulation. Results: Results indicate that the sorbitan monolaurate range has played a key role to achieve the dissolution for ritonavir formulation. The studied temperature range and interaction of temperature and feed rate, temperature and screw speed during the hot-melt extrusion process impact on the related substances of the bi-layer tablet. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) also finding the P-value less than 0.0500 and the studied range was significant. Design space was established for the significant factors to control the results within the acceptable limits. The studied formulation and wet granulation process for atazanavir sulfate have no significant impact on dissolution and related substances of the finished product. Further, the studied hardness range of 16-28kp for bi-layer tablets has no critical impact on the dissolution. Optimum formulation and process of bi-layer tablets in F37 yielded similar drug release and related substances against the reference drug product. Conclusion: The present invention of fixed-dose combination can be recommended as a single dosage regimen with the consistent drug release and control of the unknown impurities in the prototype formulation against the individual reference drug product

Effect of cissus quadrangularis linn and zingiber officinale rosc in osteoarthritis patients

Background: To evaluate the efficacy of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. or Zingiber officinalis Rosc. or in combination treatment of osteoarthritis which reduces joint pain, joint swelling and tenderness without risk of side effects.Methods: Total 60 patients were selected and divided into 3 groups (each group consist of 20 patients); data were collected before and after treatment of following groups: Group A-Cissus quadrangularis linn-5gm; Group B- Zingiber officinale rosc-5gm; Group C-Treatment of Cissus quadrangularis linn combined with Zingiber officinale rosc-5 gm/dose twice a day with luke warm water.Results: 60 % cases of joint pain were relieved at the end of the treatment in group B & C, in group A 50%, reduction in joint pain extremely significant in all groups A, B, C (p<0.0001). ‘C’ 80%, ‘A’ 15% and ‘B’5% reduction in symptom of Joint swelling and which is very significant in group A, and group B (p<0.001) and extremely significant in group C (p<0.0001). Symptom of tenderness ‘C’ 90%, ‘A’ 85%, and ‘B’ 10% cases were relived from the complaint. The difference in tenderness is statistically extremely significant when compared between groups (p<0.0001).Conclusions: Present study reveals that, significant reduction of joint pain, joint swelling and tenderness after treatment of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. or Zingiber officinalis Rosc. and extremely significant reduction of joint swelling and tenderness in combination therapy

Clinical and socio-demographic profile of treatment on osteoarthritis patients in Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease and it is slowly progressive with signs and symptoms being pain. It is a common cause of disability affecting 60-70% of the population in the age of 60 years. It usually affects the hand, large weight bearing joints, often the knee and the hip.Methods: A prospective study was carried out in S.V Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital. Collected the data of Socio-demographic and risk factors (age, diet, history, marital status, religion, occupation etc.) during the treatment of osteoarthritis among the patients in hospital.Results: The data reveals that majority of the patients belongs to the age group of 51-60 (43.33%) and 41-50 years (33.33%) followed by 61-70years (16.66%), 31-40 years (6.66%), and 70 % of females, 30% patients were Males in present study. 90% were married 10% were widows. 63.33% of Hindu, 23.33 % were Muslims and only 13.33% were Christians. 40%, of labour, 33.33% Businessmen, 13.33% Servicemen and 13.33% House wives. 53.33% rural, 46.66% urban area. 50% were belonging to middle class while 23.33% were very poor status, 16.66% Rich only 10 % patients were from upper middle class families. 43.33% were Primary level education, 36.66% were illiterates, 10% up to Graduation, 6.66% Post-Graduation and 3.33% up to Matriculation. 63.33% mixed diet, 36.66% vegetarian.Conclusions: Present study reveals that, incidence of osteoarthritis was very high especially in elder female, married, Hindu, labour, rural area, middle class with very poor, primary education, mixed diet (vegetarian with non-vegetarian) patients.

Performance optimisation of real-time video processing on multicore architecture

Emergence of multi-core processors has paved the way for the use of computers for a wide variety of applications in computer vision and multimedia fields. Real-time implementation of computationally intensive applications such as Full High Definition (FHD) video processing, 3D object meshing and texture mapping have been made possible due to the advent of multicore processors. In order to fully exploit the capability of available multicore processors, it has become necessary to develop parallel processing algorithms. The aim of the thesis is to propose new techniques for optimising the performance of real-time 2D and 3D video processing applications on multicore architecture using parallelization concepts. Data level parallelization method based on Group of Pictures (GOP) using a dynamic memory scheduling algorithm is proposed to improve the performance of FHD video encoding and decoding processes. This method requires less memory resource (less cache misses) and also makes use of advanced data structures such as non-temporal and MALLOC functions for minimizing latency and memory stalls

The inquirer and the reference interview

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Design of Integrated Reliability Redundancy System With Multiple Constraints – Integer Programming Approach

In the present scenario of globalization and liberalization, it is imperative that Indian industries become fully conscious of the needs to produce reliable products meeting International standards. Reliability of a system can be maximized by attaching parallel components to each of the components in the system such that if one component fails, one of its parallel components comes into operation and the system does not fail until all parallel units fail. Integrated Reliability Model refers to the determination of the number of components, component Reliabilities, stage Reliabilities and the system Reliability wherein the problem considers both the unknowns that is the component Reliabilities and the number of components in each stage for the given cost constraint to maximize the System Reliability. In this work an attempt is made to develop an integrated reliability model for a series-parallel configuration subject to the cost, weight and volume constraints .The Lagrangian Multiplier method is used to determine the component reliabilities, stage reliabilities, number of components in each stage and the system reliability for a series-parallel configuration. Using this method, rounded values cannot be obtained, but number of components should be an integer. To get the integer value, Integer programming has been successfully used