CACO-2 CELLS: AN OVERVIEW

The Caco-2 cell line is an immortalized line of heterogeneous human epithelialcolorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able toexpress differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such asenterocytes or mucus cells. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related tointestinal cell function and differentiation. The Caco-2 cell line is widely used with invitro assays to predict the absorption rate of candidate drug compounds across theintestinal epithelial cell barrier. Caco-2 may also refer to a cell monolayer absorptionmodel. Cell-based functional assays, such as the Caco-2 drug transport model forassessing intestinal transport, are extremely valuable for screening lead compounds indrug discover

Backward whirl in a simple rotor supported on hydrodynamic bearings

The asymmetric nature of the fluid film stiffness and damping properties in rotors supported on fluid film bearings causes a forward or a backward whirl depending on the bearing parameters and the speed of the rotor. A rotor was designed to exhibit backward synchronous whirl. The rotor-bearing system exhibited split criticals, and a backward whirl was observed between the split criticals. The orbital diagrams show the whirl pattern

RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND STABILITY INDICATING STUDY OF METFORMIN AND LINAGLIPTIN IN PURE AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a simple, efficient, specific, precise and accurate Reverse phase High Performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Linagliptin Pharmaceutical Dosage form.Methods: The separation method was carried out using reverse phase C18 column, Inertsil ODS – 3V (250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5μm). The mobile phase used was a mixture of Phosphate buffer (1.625 g of Potassium Di Hydrogen Ortho Phosphate and 0.3 g of Di Potassium Hydrogen Ortho Phosphate in 550 ml water) pH 4.5 and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40 (v/v) at isocratic mode. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, column temperature was 30°C and eluents were monitored at 280 nm using waters 2695 alliance HPLC instrument equipped with the Waters 2998 PDA detector and Empower 2 software.Results: With the optimized method, the retention times of Metformin and Linagliptinwere found to be 3.048 and 4.457 respectively, with theoretical plate count and asymmetry as per the ICH limits. The method has shown a good linearity in the concentration range of 500-3000µg/ml from Metformin and 2.5-15µg/mL for Linagliptin with Regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99 and 0.99. The percentage assays were found to be 99.28% and 99.54% respectively for Metformin and Linagliptin. The method was found to be accurate (with percentage mean recoveries 100% for Metformin HCl and 100% for Linagliptin), precise, robust, stable and Degradation studies are conducted under various conditions.Conclusion: The proposed method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and hence, can be successfully applied to the simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Linagliptin tablet formulations.Â

Effects of Clay Mineral Application on Soil Moisture Status, Physiological Traits and Yield of Rainfed Tomato under Semi-Arid Alfisols

The effects of application of farm yard manure (FYM) and clay mineral (CM) on soil and plant characteristics like soil moisture at field capacity, permanent wilting point, leaf area, leaf nitrogen, relative water content, yield of tomato were examined based on field experiments conducted in a semi-arid alfisol at Hyderabad during 1998 -99 and 1999-2000. Two levels of FYM and three levels of CM (fullers earth) were applied in the filed. The Analysis of Variance indicated that application of 16 t/ha of CM together with 10 t/ha of FYM retained a significantly higher soil moisture as measured by pressure outflow and gravimetric methods. The per cent survival, leaf area and relative water content was also significantly higher. On the other hand, application of 8 t/ha of CM together with 10 t/ha of FYM helped to achieve maximum leaf N, higher marketable yield, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, total soluble solids-acidity ratio in tomato under semi-arid alfisols

TALENT RETENTION IN PRIVATE ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS IN RURAL PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA

It has been observed that, Talent Retention in Higher Educational Institutions is an ongoing problem in rural parts of India and Andhra Pradesh is no exception to this phenomenon. Many private higher educational institutions especially Engineering Educational Institutions in rural Andhra Pradesh are on the wedge of closure and are not in a position to sustain due to lack of revenue generation to meet even the operational expenses and with this, the existing huge and expensive infrastructure of these sick institutions are going to turn in to National Waste. This has been the burning problem for the last six to seven years due to little importance given to the most important aspect, “Talent Retention”. It is strongly believed that, institutions are made up of staff both Teaching and Non-Teaching: Teaching Staff creating value through proven teaching & Learning processes, innovation, mentorship and many other relevant activities and Non-Teaching staff providing administrative and logistic support to fulfill the needs of the deliverables of Teaching staff. As, an Educational institution strives to meet its organizational goals, it must make sure that it has a continuous and integrated process for Recruiting, Training, Managing, Supporting and Compensating these people to achieve high success rate of Talent Retention

Modeling and control of a real time shell and tube heat exchanger

Process industries generate large amount of heat that needs to be transferred. Shell and tube heat exchangers are extensively used in industries for utilization of the heat energy generated from different processes. For definite utilization of this energy, the temperatures of the hot and cold fluids passing through the heat exchanger should be monitored and controlled efficiently. A proper model of heat exchanger is required for the purpose of monitoring and control. The objective of the paper is to mathematically model the heat exchanger using system identification methods and experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of two PID controller tuning methods such as Internal Model Control (IMC) and relay auto-tuning for temperature control. The Auto Regressive-Moving-Average model with eXogenous inputs (ARMAX) model of the heat exchanger is obtained from the Pseudo Random Binary Signal (PRBS) experiment performed on the heat exchanger system. The outlet temperature of the cold fluid is considered as the controlled variable. Based on the obtained model, PID settings are designed using the two tuning methods, and the closed loop responses such as servo and regulatory are compared experimentally. It is seen from the experimental results that the IMC based controller shows better results than the relay auto tuning method in terms of time integral error (i.e., ISE and ITAE)

ESTIMATION OF GATIFLOXACIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A simple, rapid, sensitive and preciseHigh Performance Liquid Chromatographic(HPLC) method has been developed for theestimation of gatifloxacin in its pharmaceuticaldosage forms. In this method RP-C18 column(150mmx4.6mm I.D., 5 m particle size) withmobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.05Mphosphate buffer in the ratio of 25:75 v/v inisocratic mode was used. The detection wavelengthis 293nm and the flow rate is 0.8ml/min.Ciprofloxacin is used as internal standard. Thelinearity was found to be in the range of 0.1 to 10g/ml and shows a correlation coefficient of0.9999. The intra- and inter-day variation wasfound to be less than 1.2% showing high precisionof the assay method. The mean percent recovery ofthe drug from the solution containing 4 g/ml was100.5 2.06 indicating high accuracy of theproposed method. Hence, this method is simple,fast, specific, accurate, precise and less timeconsuming for the estimation of gatifloxacin inpharmaceutical dosage form