ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW PHYTOSTEROL FROM HOLOPTELEA INTEGRIFOLIA (ROXB) PLANCH LEAVES

Objective: The Plant Holoptelea Intergrifolia (Roxb.) Planch is being used for the treatment of various disorders since time immemorial in the indigenous system of medicine in India. The main objective of the work was to isolate a new phytosterol from petroleum ether extract of Holoptelea  Integrifolia leaves using Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Methods: As per ICH guidelines we have Prepared Thin Layer Chromatographic plates for separation of a new phytosterol from Petroleum  ether extract of leaves of Holoptelea  Intergrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. The mobile phase used for separation of phytosterol consisted ofChloroform: Ethyl acetate, in the volume ratio of 4:6 (v/v), UV, LC/MS, IR and NMR spectral analytical techniques were used for identification and confirmation of structure of a new Phytosterol by Preparative TLC. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether extract of Holoptelea integrifolia leaves showed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, tannins and carbohydrates. The isolated phytosterol designated as17-(6-(diethylamino) decan-3-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-12,13-dihydro-10H-cyclopenta[a] phenanthren-3-ol. It responded positively to Liebermann Burchard test indicating steroidal nature of the molecule. Conclusion: On the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions, the structure of a new phytosterol isolated by preparative TLC from petroleum ether extract of leaves of Holoptelea Integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch has been formulated by UV, LC/MS, IR and NMR spectral analysis as 17-(6-(diethylamino) decan-3-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-12,13-dihydro-10H-cyclopenta[a] phenanthren-3-ol This is a new phytosterol isolated from plant source and being reported for the first time

REVERSAL OF CLONIDINE-INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA BY DECAFFEINATED TEA/COFFEE EXTRACT, AND THEIR FRACTIONS IN MICE

Objective: To study the effect of decaffeinated tea extract (DTE) and decaffeinated coffee extract (DCE) and their respective fractions viz: chloroform fractions (DTCf and DCCf), ethyl acetate fractions (DTEa and DCEa), diethyl ether fractions (DTDe and DCDe) and acetone-water fractions (DTAw and DCAw) against clonidine-induced hypothermia in mice. Methods: Clonidine (0.1 mg/kg, i. p.) administered to a group of mice pretreated 30 min before with the dose of DTE or DCE or their respective fractions. Rectal temperature was measured at the time of clonidine administration and thereafter at every 30 min up to 2 h test period. Results: DTE 200 DTE 300 has significantly inhibited clonidine-induced hypothermia. Among the fractions tested, DTE fraction-DTEa 100 and 200 and DCE fractions DCDe 200 and DCAw 200 significantly (p<0.0001) reversed clonidine-induced hypothermia; the effect of DTEa was found to be more sustained. Conclusion: Both, the decaffeinated tea and coffee contain ingredients that reverse clonidine-induced hypothermia, but they are required to do so in very large doses which are not achievable with normally administered doses of decaffeinated tea or coffee

Essential Oil of Myrtus communis Inhibits Inflammation in Rats by Reducing Serum IL-6 and TNF-α:

The topical anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil of Myrtus communis L. was studied using croton oil induced ear edema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice, and cotton pellet induced granuloma, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in rats. On topical application, the oil exhibited a significant decrease in the ear edema as well as MPO activity. The oil also inhibited cotton pellet-induced granuloma and serum TNF-α and IL-6. It can be concluded that the essential oil of Myrtus communis reduces leukocyte migration to the damaged tissue and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity

Inhibition of Morphine- and Ethanol-Mediated Stimulation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Neurons by Withania somnifera

Morphine- and ethanol-induced stimulation of neuronal firing of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons and of dopamine (DA) transmission in the shell of the nucleus accumbens (AcbSh) represents a crucial electrophysiological and neurochemical response underlying the ability of these compounds to elicit motivated behaviors and trigger a cascade of plasticity-related biochemical events. Previous studies indicate that the standardized methanolic extract of Withania somnifera roots (WSE) prevents morphine- and ethanol-elicited conditioned place preference and oral ethanol self-administration. Aim of the present research was to investigate whether WSE may also interfere with the ability of morphine and ethanol to stimulate VTA dopaminergic neurons and thus AcbSh DA transmission as assessed in male Sprague- Dawley rats by means of patch-clamp recordings in mesencephalic slices and in vivo brain microdialysis, respectively. Morphine and ethanol significantly stimulated spontaneous firing rate of VTA neurons and DA transmission in the AcbSh. WSE, at concentrations (200–400 mg/ml) that significantly reduce spontaneous neuronal firing of VTA DA neurons via a GABAA- but not GABAB-mediated mechanism, suppressed the stimulatory actions of both morphine and ethanol. Moreover, in vivo administration of WSE at a dose (75 mg/kg) that fails to affect basal DA transmission, significantly prevented both morphine- and ethanol-elicited increases of DA in the AcbSh. Overall, these results highlight the ability of WSE to interfere with morphine- and ethanolmediated central effects and suggest a mechanistic interpretation of the efficacy of this extract to prevent the motivational properties of these compounds

Inhibitory effect of Dolichos biflorus extract on allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in animal model of ovalbumin-induced asthma

The context: Bronchial asthma is an allergic disorder characterized by airway hyper- responsiveness, infiltration of various inflammatory mediators and remodeling of the airways. Asthma is triggered by various factors like drugs, respiratory infection, dust, cold air, exercise, emotions, occupational stimuli, chemicals, histamine, and ovalbumin. Traditional medicinal plants are commonly used to treat or prevent asthma and its causes. Purpose of the study: Traditionally seeds of Dolichos biflorus are used in the treatment of cough, edema and asthma. The present study was designed to evaluate inhibitory effect of Dolichos biflorus extract on allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in animal model of ovalbumin-induced asthma. Main findings: With the treatment of ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus (DB) seeds, there was significant decrease in inflammatory cell count, level of nitric oxide and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at the oral dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. DB also restored the level of lung antioxidant enzymes (LPO, GSH, SOD, Catalase) and reduced the wet/dry weight ratio. In histopathological examination of lung tissue, DB protected the lungs from pathological changes induced by OVA. Summary: These results indicate that ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds decreased allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness by decreasing the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the airway. Potential implications: Our data suggests usefulness of Dolichos biflorus in prophylaxis and management of asthma

Protective effect of standardized extract of Passiflora incarnata flower in parkinson's and alzheimer's disease

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Flavonoids exert their antioxidant effects by neutralizing all types of oxidizing radicals including the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Passiflora incarnata Linn. (Passifloraceae) is an important plant used in Ayurveda for the treatment of various disorders of the CNS and is a rich source of flavonoids. Aim: In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant, antiparkinsonian, and memory enhancing activity of flavonoid rich n-butanol extract of P. incarnata flowers (BEPIF). Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. The antiparkinsonian activity was evaluated using haloperidol induced catalepsy and tacrine induced vacuous chewing movement and memory enhancing activity was assessed using elevated plus maze and object recognition test. Statistical Analysis: The results were analyzed by Analysis of Variance test followed by Dunnett's test. Results: Administration of BEPIF decreased transfer latency on day 2 and 9 significantly in elevated plus maze test and showed a significant increase in discrimination index in the object recognition test which is suggestive of its cognitive improvement action. Pretreatment with BEPIF showed a significant reduction in the haloperidol induced catalepsy and the tacrine induced jaw movements which are suggestive of its antiparkinsonian activity. In DPPH and H2O2scavenging assay, BEPIF exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the butanolic extract of P. incarnata flowers has significant antiparkinsonian and cognition enhancing activity which may be associated with its antioxidant potential. Thus, P. incarnata flowers may be employed in treatment of dementia and parkinsonism

Inhibitory effect of Dolichos biflorus extract on allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in animal model of ovalbumin-induced asthma

The context: Bronchial asthma is an allergic disorder characterized by airway hyper- responsiveness, infiltration of various inflammatory mediators and remodeling of the airways. Asthma is triggered by various factors like drugs, respiratory infection, dust, cold air, exercise, emotions, occupational stimuli, chemicals, histamine, and ovalbumin. Traditional medicinal plants are commonly used to treat or prevent asthma and its causes. Purpose of the study: Traditionally seeds of Dolichos biflorus are used in the treatment of cough, edema and asthma. The present study was designed to evaluate inhibitory effect of Dolichos biflorus extract on allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in animal model of ovalbumin-induced asthma. Main findings: With the treatment of ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus (DB) seeds, there was significant decrease in inflammatory cell count, level of nitric oxide and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at the oral dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. DB also restored the level of lung antioxidant enzymes (LPO, GSH, SOD, Catalase) and reduced the wet/dry weight ratio. In histopathological examination of lung tissue, DB protected the lungs from pathological changes induced by OVA. Summary: These results indicate that ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds decreased allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness by decreasing the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the airway. Potential implications: Our data suggests usefulness of Dolichos biflorus in prophylaxis and management of asthma

PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE STUDIES ON THE STEROIDS OF METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT Holoptelea Integrifolia (Roxb.) PLANCH USING HPTLC

Objective: The present study was conducted to identify the steroids from the methanol extract of medicinally and economically useful leaves ofHoloptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) planch using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique.Materials and Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was done, and HPTLC studies were carried out. Camag HPTLC system equippedwith Linomat V applicator (Switzerland). Densitometric scanning was performed with Camag TLC scanner IV in the reflectance absorbance mode at540 nm and operated by Win CATS software (1.4.6 Camag) with the help of tungsten lamp.Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of H. integrifolia showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids,proteins, and carbohydrates. HPTLC fingerprinting of steroids of methanol extract of leaf showed seven polyvalent phytoconstituents (7 peaks) andcorresponding ascending order of radio frequency (Rf) values in the range of 0.17-0.64.Conclusions: With the above Rf values and preliminary phytochemical analysis, we have concluded the presence of steroids in methanol extract.Keywords: Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) planch leaf, Phytochemical screening, Steroids, High-performance thin layer chromatographyfingerprinting

FINGER PRINTING ANALYSIS OF THE PHYTOSTEROLS FROM Holoptelea Integrifolia (Roxb.) PLANCH LEAVES USING HPTLC ANALYSIS

Objective: The present study was conducted to identify the phytosterols from petroleum ether and methanol extracts of medicinally and economicallyuseful leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique.Materials and Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was done and HPTLC studies were carried out. Camag HPTLC system equipped withLinomat V applicator (Switzerland). Densitometric scanning was performed with Camag thin layer chromatography scanner IV in the reflectanceabsorbance mode at 540 nm and operated by Win CATS software (1.4.6 Camag) with the help of tungsten lamp.Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of petroleum ether extract of H. integrifolia showed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids,glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, tannins, and carbohydrates while methanolic extract of H. integrifolia showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids,flavonoids, proteins, and carbohydrates. HPTLC fingerprinting of phytosterols of petroleum ether extract of leaf revealed five polyvalentphytoconstituents (5 peaks) and corresponding ascending order of Rf values in the range of 0.11-0.45. While methanol extract of leaf showed fourpolyvalent phytoconstituents (4 peaks) and corresponding ascending order of Rf values in the range of 0.13-0.48.Conclusions: With the results of preliminary phytochemical analysis and above Rf values, we have concluded the presence of phytosterols in boththe extracts.Keywords: High-performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting, Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) planch leaf, Phytochemical screening,Phytosterol

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND HPTLC FINGERPRINT PROFILE OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF HOLOPTELEA INTEGRIFOLIA (ROXB.) PLANCH

Objective: The objective was to develop the fingerprint profile of medicinally and economically useful leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb). Planchusing high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique.Materials and Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was done, and HPTLC studies were carried out. Camag HPTLC system equippedwith Linomat V applicator (Switzerland). Densitometric scanning was performed with Camag TLC Scanner IV in the reflectance absorbance mode at540 nm and operated by Win CATS software (1.4.6 Camag) with the help of Tungstant lamp.Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of petroleum extract of H. integrifolia showed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids,glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, tannins and carbohydrates, whereas methanolic extract of H. integrifolia showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids,flavonoids, proteins and carbohydrates. HPTLC fingerprinting of petroleum ether extract of leaf revealed 9 polyvalent phytoconstituents (9 peaks)and corresponding ascending order of Rf values in the range of 0.44-0.81. While methanol extract of leaf showed 10 polyvalent phytoconstituents(10 peaks) and corresponding ascending order of Rf values in the range of 0.18-0.80.Conclusions: It can be concluded that HPTLC fingerprint analysis of leaf extract of H. integrifolia (Roxb) Planch can be used as a diagnostic tool forthe correct identification and authentication of the plant and it is useful as a phytochemical marker and also a good estimator of genetic variabilityin plant populations.Keywords: Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb) Planch leaf, Phytochemical screening, High-performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting