Functional regulation of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin by cyclin-dependent kinase 1

Die wichtigste Aufgabe der mitotischen Spindel ist die genaue Segregation der duplizierten Chromosomen in der Mitose. Diese dynamische Struktur wird von sich teilenden Zellen gebildet, um die Bewegung der Chromosomen, das Markenzeichen der Mitose, zu dirigieren. Trotz aller Unterschiede in Form und Größe der Spindeln unterschiedlicher Zelltypen, haben alle eukaryontischen Spindeln fundamentale strukturelle Eigenschaften gemeinsam. Eine der wichtigsten Eigenschaften ist die bipolare Symmetrie. Innerhalb der Spindel sind unterschiedliche Klassen der Mikrotubuli vorhanden, die durch ihre Organisation und durch ihre dynamischen Eigenschaften unterteilt sind. Alle Klassen der Mikrotubuli zeigen dynamische Instabilität. Dennoch weisen die Kinetochor-Mikrotubuli und die Spindel-Mikrotubuli zusätzlich ein anderes Verhalten auf, das als polwärts gerichteter Mikrotubuli-Flux ("Poleward Microtubule Flux") bezeichnet wird. Dabei werden die Tubulin-Untereinheiten stetig an den Plus-Enden der Mikrotubuli eingefügt und dann zu den Minus-Enden getragen, wo sie abgebaut werden. Dieser polwärts gerichtete Mikrotubuli-Flux ist für die Segregation der Chromosomen von großer Bedeutung. Mehrere regulatorische Proteine der Mikrotubuli, einschließlich der destabilisierenden und der depolymerisierenden Proteine, steuern die Dynamik dieser Mikrotubuli, um eine fehlerfreie Bildung der Spindel und eine korrekte Segregation der Chromosomen gewährleisten zu können. Die Kinesin-13 Familie der Depolymerasen gehört zu den prominentesten Modulatoren der Dynamik der Mikrotubuli. Das am Besten charakterisierte und intensiv studierte Mitglied dieser Familie ist das Protein KIF2C/MCAK. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Lokalisationen von MCAK während der Mitose, an den Spindelpolen, an den Chromosomen-Armen, an den Centromeren/Kinetochoren, kann MCAK eine Reihe an wichtigen Funktionen erzielen. Allerdings bleibt die Korrektur von Kinetochor-Mikrotubuli Fehlverknüpfungen die wichtigste Aufgabe von MCAK während der Mitose. Diese wesentliche Funktion steht unter der Kontrolle von Aurora B. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass MCAK während der Mitose auch von einem wichtigen Komplex, dem Cyclin B1/CDK1 Komplex, reguliert wird. In der Tat steuert die Kinase CDK1 sowohl die Lokalisation als auch die katalytische Aktivität von MCAK. Mit Hilfe einer systematischen Reihe an Experimenten konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass MCAK sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo von CDK1 phosphoryliert wird. CDK1 phosphoryliert den katalytischen Bereich von MCAK genau am Threonin 537 und führt zu einer deutlichen Abnahme der Depolymerisierungsaktivität von MCAK in vitro und in humanen Zellen. Diese Inhibition erfolgt wahrscheinlich durch eine Reduzierung der Affinität von MCAK zu den Mikrotubuli-Enden. Die Expression der Phosphostatus-vortäuschenden Mutante T537E in HeLa-Zellen verursachte eine fehlerhafte Verteilung der Chromosomen in der Mitose. Die Chromosomen waren in Anwesenheit der T537E Mutante nicht mehr in der Lage, sich auf der Metaphaseplatte anzuordnen. Darüber hinaus führte die Expression von T537E zu einer signifikanten Reduzierung des centromerischen Abstandes, was auf eine Anhäufung von Kinetochor-Mikrotubuli Fehlverknüpfungen hindeutet. Ferner zeigt die Expression der nichtphosphorylierbaren Mutante T537A in den HeLa-Zellen eine verstärkte Lokalisation an den Spindelpolen, was zum Auftreten von erheblichen Spindel-Aberrationen führte. Basierend auf den Daten der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Modell entwickelt, in dem die Phosphorylierung von MCAK durch CDK1 früh in der Mitose stattfinden muss, um einerseits MCAK zu inaktivieren und andererseits diese Depolymerase aus den Spindelpolen zu verdrängen. Beide Ereignisse sind für den Aufbau einer bipolaren Spindel unentbehrlich. Zu späteren Zeitpunkten der Mitose muss das Threonin 537 dephosphoryliert werden, um eine Reaktivierung von MCAK an den Centrosomen/Kinetochoren zu ermöglichen. Dies wird die Korrektur-Funktion für Kinetochor-Mikrotubuli Fehlverknüpfungen von MCAK wiederherstellen, was eine korrekte Anordnung der Chromosomen auf der Metaphaseplatte fördert.Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) plays an essential role in spindle formation and in correction of improper microtubule-kinetochore attachments. The localization and activity of MCAK at the centromere/kinetochore are controlled by Aurora B kinase. However, MCAK is also abundant in the cytosol and at centrosomes during mitosis, and its regulatory mechanism at these sites is unknown. We show here that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) phosphorylates T537 in the core domain of MCAK and attenuates its microtubule-destabilizing activity in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation of MCAK by Cdk1 promotes the release of MCAK from centrosomes and is required for proper spindle formation. Interfering with the regulation of MCAK by Cdk1 causes dramatic defects in spindle formation and in chromosome positioning. This is the first study demonstrating that Cdk1 regulates the localization and activity of MCAK in mitosis by directly phosphorylating the catalytic core domain of MCAK

Mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK): a potential cancer drug target

The inability to faithfully segregate chromosomes in mitosis results in chromosome instability, a hallmark of solid tumors. Disruption of microtubule dynamics contributes highly to mitotic chromosome instability. The kinesin-13 family is critical in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and the best characterized member of the family, the mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), has recently been attracting enormous attention. MCAK regulates microtubule dynamics as a potent depolymerizer of microtubules by removing tubulin subunits from the polymer end. This depolymerizing activity plays pivotal roles in spindle formation, in correcting erroneous attachments of microtubule-kinetochore and in chromosome movement. Thus, the accurate regulation of MCAK is important for ensuring the faithful segregation of chromosomes in mitosis and for safeguarding chromosome stability. In this review we summarize recent data concerning the regulation of MCAK by mitotic kinases, Aurora A/B, Polo-like kinase 1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1. We propose a molecular model of the regulation of MCAK by these mitotic kinases and relevant phosphatases throughout mitosis. An ever-increasing quantity of data indicates that MCAK is aberrantly regulated in cancer cells. This deregulation is linked to increased malignance, invasiveness, metastasis and drug resistance, most probably due to increased chromosomal instability and remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton in cancer cells. Most interestingly, recent observations suggest that MCAK could be a novel molecular target for cancer therapy, as a new cancer antigen or as a mitotic regulator. This collection of new data indicates that MCAK could be a new star in the cancer research sky due to its critical roles in the control of genome stability and the cytoskeleton. Further investigations are required to dissect the fine details of the regulation of MCAK throughout mitosis and its involvements in oncogenesis

Modulation of the Allosteric Communication between the Polo-Box Domain and the Catalytic Domain in Plk1 by Small Compounds

The Polo-like kinases (Plks) are an evolutionary conserved family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that possess, in addition to the classical kinase domain at the N-terminus, a C-terminal polo-box domain (PBD) that binds to phosphorylated proteins and modulates the kinase activity and its localization. Plk1, which regulates the formation of the mitotic spindle, has emerged as a validated drug target for the treatment of cancer, because it is required for numerous types of cancer cells but not for the cell division in noncancer cells. Here, we employed chemical biology methods to investigate the allosteric communication between the PBD and the catalytic domain of Plk1. We identified small compounds that bind to the catalytic domain and inhibit or enhance the interaction of Plk1 with the phosphorylated peptide PoloBoxtide in vitro. In cells, two new allosteric Plk1 inhibitors affected the proliferation of cancer cells in culture and the cell cycle but had distinct phenotypic effects on spindle formation. Both compounds inhibited Plk1 signaling, indicating that they specifically act on Plk1 in cultured cells.Fil: Raab, Monika. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Sanhaji, Mourad. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Pietsch, Larissa. German Cancer Research Center; Alemania. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Béquignon, Isabelle. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Herbrand, Amanda K.. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Süß, Evelyn. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Gande, Santosh L.. German Cancer Research Center; Alemania. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Caspar, Birgit. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Kudlinzki, Denis. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; Alemania. German Cancer Research Center; AlemaniaFil: Saxena, Krishna. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Sreeramulu, Sridhar. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; AlemaniaFil: Schwalbe, Harald. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; Alemania. German Cancer Research Center; AlemaniaFil: Strebhardt, Klaus. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; Alemania. German Cancer Research Center; AlemaniaFil: Biondi, Ricardo Miguel. German Cancer Research Center; Alemania. Goethe Universitat Frankfurt; Alemania. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - Instituto Partner de la Sociedad Max Planck; Argentin

Toxicity modelling of Plk1-targeted therapies in genetically engineered mice and cultured primary mammalian cells

High attrition rates of novel anti-cancer drugs highlight the need for improved models to predict toxicity. Although polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors are attractive candidates for drug development, the role of Plk1 in primary cells remains widely unexplored. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of an RNA interference-based model to assess responses to an inducible knockdown (iKD) of Plk1 in adult mice. Here we show that Plk1 silencing can be achieved in several organs, although adverse events are rare. We compared responses in Plk1-iKD mice with those in primary cells kept under controlled culture conditions. In contrast to the addiction of many cancer cell lines to the non-oncogene Plk1, the primary cells' proliferation, spindle assembly and apoptosis exhibit only a low dependency on Plk1. Responses to Plk1-depletion, both in cultured primary cells and in our iKD-mouse model, correspond well and thus provide the basis for using validated iKD mice in predicting responses to therapeutic interventions

Deep Brain Stimulation in Moroccan Patients With Parkinson's Disease: The Experience of Neurology Department of Rabat

Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is known as a therapy of choice of advanced Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to assess the beneficial and side effects of STN DBS in Moroccan Parkinsonian patients.Material and Methods: Thirty five patients underwent bilateral STN DBS from 2008 to 2016 in the Rabat University Hospital. Patients were assessed preoperatively and followed up for 6 to 12 months using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in four conditions (stimulation OFF and ON and medication OFF and ON), the levodopa-equivalent daily dose (LEDD), dyskinesia and fluctuation scores and PDQ39 scale for quality of life (QOL). Postoperative side effects were also recorded.Results: The mean age at disease onset was 42.31 ± 7.29 years [28–58] and the mean age at surgery was 54.66 ± 8.51 years [34–70]. The median disease duration was 11.95 ± 4.28 years [5–22]. Sixty-three percentage of patients were male. 11.4% of patients were tremor dominant while 45.71 showed akinetic-rigid form and 42.90 were classified as mixed phenotype. The LEDD before surgery was 1200 mg/day [800-1500]. All patients had motor fluctuations whereas non-motor fluctuations were present in 61.80% of cases. STN DBS decreased the LEDD by 51.72%, as the mean LEDD post-surgery was 450 [188-800]. The UPDRS-III was improved by 52.27%, dyskinesia score by 66.70% and motor fluctuations by 50%, whereas QOL improved by 27.12%. Post-operative side effects were hypophonia (2 cases), infection (3 cases), and pneumocephalus (2 cases).Conclusion: Our results showed that STN DBS is an effective treatment in Moroccan Parkinsonian patients leading to a major improvement of the most disabling symptoms (dyskinesia, motor fluctuation) and a better QOL

The role of PLK1 in cancer exhibiting chromosomal instability

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations cause aneuploidy and are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis characterized by chromosomal instability. PLK1 contributes to sustain an intact spindle assembly checkpoint ensuring genomic stability. In our work using independent ApcMin/+ mouse models we revealed that PLK1 functions as tumor suppressor in APC-mutated colorectal cancers

Cdk1/Cyclin B1 Controls Fas-Mediated Apoptosis by Regulating Caspase-8 Activity▿

Caspase activation is a hallmark of apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of caspase-8 activation within the extrinsic death pathway are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that procaspase-8 is phosphorylated in mitotic cells by Cdk1/cyclin B1 on Ser-387, which is located at the N terminus of the catalytic subunit p10. This phosphorylation of procaspase-8 on Ser-387 occurs in cancer cell lines, as well as in primary breast tissues and lymphocytes. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated silencing of cyclin B1 or treatment with the Cdk1 inhibitor RO-3306 enhances the Fas-mediated activation and processing of procaspase-8 in mitotic cells. A nonphosphorylatable procaspase-8 (S387A) facilitates Fas-induced apoptosis during mitosis. Our findings suggest that Cdk1/cyclin B1 activity shields human cells against extrinsic death stimuli and unravel the molecular details of the cross talk between cell cycle and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Finally, this new mechanism may also contribute to tumorigenesis

Blocking mitotic exit of ovarian cancer cells by pharmaceutical inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex reduces chromosomal instability

Paclitaxel is a frontline drug for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, following paclitaxel-platinum based chemotherapy, tumor recurrence occurs in most ovarian cancer patients. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and represents genetic variation fueling tumor adaptation to cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs. In this study, our Kaplan-Meier analysis including 263 ovarian cancer patients (stages I/II) revealed that high Polo-like kinase (PLK) 1 expression correlates with bad prognosis. To evaluate the role of PLK1 as potential cancer target within a combinatorial trial, we induced strong mitotic arrest in ovarian cancer cell lines by synergistically co-targeting microtubules (paclitaxel) and PLK1 (BI6727) followed by pharmaceutical inhibition of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC/C) using proTAME. In short- and long-term experiments, this triple treatment strongly activated apoptosis in cell lines and primary ovarian cells derived from cancer patients. Mechanistically, BI6727/paclitaxel/proTAME stabilize Cyclin B1 and trigger mitotic arrest, which initiates mitochondrial apoptosis by inactivation of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, followed by activation of caspase-dependent effector pathways. This triple treatment prevented endoreduplication and reduced CIN, two mechanisms that are associated with aggressive tumors and the acquisition of drug resistance. This “two-punch strategy” (strong mitotic arrest followed by blocking mitotic exit) has important implications for developing paclitaxel-based combinatorial treatments in ovarian cancer

The small-molecule inhibitor MRIA9 reveals novel insights into the cell cycle roles of SIK2 in ovarian cancer cells

The activity of the Salt inducible kinase 2 (SIK2), a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase family, has been linked to several biological processes that maintain cellular and energetic homeostasis. SIK2 is overexpressed in several cancers, including ovarian cancer, where it promotes the proliferation of metastases. Furthermore, as a centrosome kinase, SIK2 has been shown to regulate the G2/M transition, and its depletion sensitizes ovarian cancer to paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Here, we report the consequences of SIK2 inhibition on mitosis and synergies with paclitaxel in ovarian cancer using a novel and selective inhibitor, MRIA9. We show that MRIA9-induced inhibition of SIK2 blocks the centrosome disjunction, impairs the centrosome alignment, and causes spindle mispositioning during mitosis. Furthermore, the inhibition of SIK2 using MRIA9 increases chromosomal instability, revealing the role of SIK2 in maintaining genomic stability. Finally, MRIA9 treatment enhances the sensitivity to paclitaxel in 3D-spheroids derived from ovarian cancer cell lines and ovarian cancer patients. Our study suggests selective targeting of SIK2 in ovarian cancer as a therapeutic strategy for overcoming paclitaxel resistance