The Study of Nez Perce Indian education

Studies of rock writings, both pictograph and petroglyph, indicate that the primitive artist was following a pattern of pictography in the vogue of his area. The drawings were symbolic of religious and ceremonial rites, i.e., puberty. Rich findings have been located along the Snake River depicting the history of the Nez Perce Indian. Education of children was in the form of myths and legends told in large group gatherings in the longhouse during the winter months. Expressions of politeness, etiquette, and proper behavior were usually emphasized. Horror stories indicated treatment by spirits, if caught. Monsters were obstacles to be conquered. Tribal history and biographical sketches were an important part of education. Apprentice training was the most popular method of teaching established skills, much of the teaching being done by older Indians and parents. A religious experience of a vision quest for the spirit weyekin was a part of growing up. The feast of the first fruits in the spring was another important religious ceremony. Religion was a central part of their culture and rules on religion, birth, adolescence, marriage, death and burial were taught. Magic, too. was important with the Shaman (witch doctor) as the leader. Some of these ceremonies were held as recently as 1940-1945. The Lewis and Clark expedition in 1805 may have been the first contact of the Nez Perces with the whites. Other early contacts were with Catholic and Presbyterian missionaries

ESPA Grande Qualification

ESPA is established launch infrastructure for small satellites on Atlas V, Falcon 9, and Delta IV. Auxiliary payloads* (APLs) mount to ESPA on Ø15-inch† ports subject to limits on spacecraft mass and center of gravity (CG). ESPA Grande has increased payload capacity compared to the original ESPA due to larger diameter (Ø24-inch) ports and having fasteners every 10° compared to 15° spacing on ESPA. The small satellite standard Ø15-inch port referred to as ESPA class,‡ which has become a standard interface for small satellites, was redefined in 2016 with a delta qualification (static load) test. New ESPA APL limits, including introduction of an alternate version of the interface, referred to as ESPA Heavy (with Ø5/16” instead of Ø1/4 fasteners), are the following: 1. ESPA class: 220 kg at 51 cm (485 lb at 20 in), an increase of 21% compared to heritage ESPA class, 2. ESPA Heavy class: 322 kg at 51 cm (710 lb at 20 in), a mass increase of 77%. These increased payload capabilities for ESPA were documented in a paper at the 2017 Small Satellite Conference.1 In 2018, ESPA Grande, with its more capable Ø24-inch ports, was tested for the first time despite having flight heritage based on analysis and similarity to the ESPA Ø15-inch port. Prior to testing, the advertised capability of the Ø24-inch port was 318 kg at 51 cm (700 lb at 20 in). This paper documents the results of ESPA Grande qualification testing, and it describes the use of the ESPA Mass Acceleration Curve (MAC) which was implemented for this test program. The ESPA MAC provides design load factors for the range of APL mass available with the new, tested capabilities for both ESPA and ESPA Grande

95-GT-370 CASCADE VORTICAL GUST RESPONSE INCLUDING STEADY LOADING EFFECTS

ABSTRACT A series of expieriments are performed to investigate the effect of steady loading and separated flow on the unsteady vortical gust response of both low and high solidity blade rows, including the effects of airfoil camber. This is accomplished utilizing a unique single stage turbomachine research facility in which the flow is not generated by the blading but rather by an additional fan. This provides the ability to quantify the steady or mean performance of the stator row over a range of steady loading levels both with and without unsteady flow effects. In particular, for a particular mean stator angle-of-attack, the steady and mean aerodynamic performance are determined in a steady flow and also in an unsteady flow generated by a rotor composed of perforated plates at the same mean operating condition. This enables the stator vane row dynamic stall conditions to be identified. The unsteady aerodynamic response of both symmetric and cambered stator vanes configured as low and high solidity stator vane rows is then investigated over a range of mean angle-of-attack values, including attached and separated flows with dynamic stall

Micromachined Heat Exchanger for Cryosurgical Probe

NIH 5R33EB003349-05http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60941/1/THERMINIC05_10.pd

Cycling and Female Sexual and Urinary Function: Results From a Large, Multinational, Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND:Bicycle riding has become an increasingly popular mode of transportation and exercise, especially among women, and previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between cycling and sexual dysfunction, albeit using non-validated questionnaires. AIM:We aimed to explore the relationship between cycling and sexual and urinary dysfunction. METHODS:Cyclists were recruited to complete a survey through Facebook advertisements and outreach to sporting clubs across 5 English-speaking countries. Swimmers and runners were recruited as a comparison group. OUTCOMES:Participants were queried using validated questionnaires, including the Female Sexual Function Index, the American Urological Association Symptom Index, and non-validated questions about history of urinary tract infections (UTIs), genital numbness, and genital saddle sores (all self-reported). RESULTS:3,118 (53.3%) Women completed the survey, comprising 1,053 (34%) non-cyclists, 1,656 (53%) low-intensity cyclists, and 409 (13%) high-intensity cyclists. After adjusting for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, tobacco use, race, marital status, urinary symptoms, and sexual activity, high-intensity cyclists had lower odds of self-reported sexual dysfunction compared to non-cyclists (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.7, P = .02). There were no statistically significant differences in urinary symptoms across groups. Compared to non-cyclists, both low- and high-intensity cyclists had higher odds of reporting a previous UTI (aOR 1.4, P < .001, and aOR 1.4, P = .009, respectively), genital numbness (odds ratio [OR] 6.5, P < .001, and OR 9.1, P < .001, respectively), and saddle sores (OR 6.3, P < .001, and OR 22.7, P < .001, respectively). CLINICAL TRANSLATION:Women cyclists were more likely to report other genitourinary conditions, including UTIs, genital numbness, and saddle sores. CONCLUSIONS:This is the largest study comparing cyclists to other athletes with respect to sexual and urinary function. The study is limited by its cross-sectional design and sampling methods. We found that women cyclists were no more likely to report sexual dysfunction or urinary symptoms than swimmers or runners. Gaither TW, Awad MA, Murphy GP, et al. Cycling and Female Sexual and Urinary Function: Results From a Large, Multinational, Cross-Sectional Study. J Sex Med 2018;15:510-518

Expression of a Mutant p53 Results in an Age-Related Demographic Shift in Spontaneous Lung Tumor Formation in Transgenic Mice

BACKGROUND:Mutations in the P53 gene are among the most common genetic abnormalities in human lung cancer. Codon 273 in the sequence-specific DNA binding domain is one of the most frequently mutated sites. METHODOLOGY:To investigate the role of mutant p53 in lung tumorigenesis, a lung specific p53(273H) transgenic mouse model was developed. Rates of lung cancer formation in the transgenic animals and their littermates were evaluated by necropsy studies performed in progressive age cohorts ranging from 4 to 24 months. In order to establish the influence of other common genetic abnormalities in lung tumor formation in the animals, K-Ras gene mutation and p16INK4a (p16) promoter methylation were evaluated in a total of 281 transgenic mice and 189 non-transgenic littermates. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:At the age extremes of 4-12 and 22-24 months no differences were observed, with very low prevalence of tumors in animals younger than 12 months, and a relatively high prevalence at age 22 months or older. However, the transgenic mice had a significant higher lung tumor rate than their non-transgenic counterparts during the age of 13-21 months, suggesting an age-related shift in lung tumor formation induced by the lung-specific expression of the human mutant p53. Histopathology suggested a more aggressive nature for the transgenic tumors. Older mice (>13 months) had a significantly higher rate of p16 promoter methylation (17% v 82%). In addition, an age related effect was observed for K-Ras codons 12 or 13 mutations, but not for codon 61 mutations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:These results would suggest that the mutant p53(273H) contributes to an acceleration in the development of spontaneous lung tumors in these mice. Combination with other genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring after the age of 13 months is intimately linked to its oncogenic potential

Predicting outcomes in patients undergoing pancreatectomy using wearable technology and machine learning: Prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and although pancreatectomy is currently the only curative treatment, it is associated with significant morbidity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of wearable telemonitoring technologies to predict treatment outcomes using patient activity metrics and machine learning. METHODS: In this prospective, single-center, single-cohort study, patients scheduled for pancreatectomy were provided with a wearable telemonitoring device to be worn prior to surgery. Patient clinical data were collected and all patients were evaluated using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program surgical risk calculator (ACS-NSQIP SRC). Machine learning models were developed to predict whether patients would have a textbook outcome and compared with the ACS-NSQIP SRC using area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves. RESULTS: Between February 2019 and February 2020, 48 patients completed the study. Patient activity metrics were collected over an average of 27.8 days before surgery. Patients took an average of 4162.1 (SD 4052.6) steps per day and had an average heart rate of 75.6 (SD 14.8) beats per minute. Twenty-eight (58%) patients had a textbook outcome after pancreatectomy. The group of 20 (42%) patients who did not have a textbook outcome included 14 patients with severe complications and 11 patients requiring readmission. The ACS-NSQIP SRC had an AUROC curve of 0.6333 to predict failure to achieve a textbook outcome, while our model combining patient clinical characteristics and patient activity data achieved the highest performance with an AUROC curve of 0.7875. CONCLUSIONS: Machine learning models outperformed ACS-NSQIP SRC estimates in predicting textbook outcomes after pancreatectomy. The highest performance was observed when machine learning models incorporated patient clinical characteristics and activity metrics