The HIV-1 Integrase α4-Helix Involved in LTR-DNA Recognition Is also a Highly Antigenic Peptide Element

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbas) constitute remarkable tools to analyze the relationship between the structure and the function of a protein. By immunizing a mouse with a 29mer peptide (K159) formed by residues 147 to 175 of the HIV-1 integrase (IN), we obtained a monoclonal antibody (MAba4) recognizing an epitope lying in the N-terminal portion of K159 (residues 147–166 of IN). The boundaries of the epitope were determined in ELISA assays using peptide truncation and amino acid substitutions. The epitope in K159 or as a free peptide (pep-a4) was mostly a random coil in solution, while in the CCD (catalytic core domain) crystal, the homologous segment displayed an amphipathic helix structure (α4-helix) at the protein surface. Despite this conformational difference, a strong antigenic crossreactivity was observed between pep-a4 and the protein segment, as well as K156, a stabilized analogue of pep-a4 constrained into helix by seven helicogenic mutations, most of them involving hydrophobic residues. We concluded that the epitope is freely accessible to the antibody inside the protein and that its recognition by the antibody is not influenced by the conformation of its backbone and the chemistry of amino acids submitted to helicogenic mutations. In contrast, the AA →Glu mutations of the hydrophilic residues Gln148, Lys156 and Lys159, known for their interactions with LTRs (long terminal repeats) and inhibitors (

Interleukin-15 Plays a Central Role in Human Kidney Physiology and Cancer through the γc Signaling Pathway

The ability of Interleukin-15 (IL-15) to activate many immune antitumor mechanisms renders the cytokine a good candidate for the therapy of solid tumors, particularly renal cell carcinoma. Although IL-15 is being currently used in clinical trials, the function of the cytokine on kidney's components has not been extensively studied; we thus investigated the role of IL-15 on normal and tumor renal epithelial cells. Herein, we analyzed the expression and the biological functions of IL-15 in normal renal proximal tubuli (RPTEC) and in their neoplastic counterparts, the renal clear cell carcinomas (RCC). This study shows that RPTEC express a functional heterotrimeric IL-15Rαβγc complex whose stimulation with physiologic concentrations of rhIL-15 is sufficient to inhibit epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) commitment preserving E-cadherin expression. Indeed, IL-15 is not only a survival factor for epithelial cells, but it can also preserve the renal epithelial phenotype through the γc-signaling pathway, demonstrating that the cytokine possess a wide range of action in epithelial homeostasis. In contrast, in RCC in vitro and in vivo studies reveal a defect in the expression of γc-receptor and JAK3 associated kinase, which strongly impacts IL-15 signaling. Indeed, in the absence of the γc/JAK3 couple we demonstrate the assembly of an unprecedented functional high affinity IL-15Rαβ heterodimer, that in response to physiologic concentrations of IL-15, triggers an unbalanced signal causing the down-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene E-cadherin, favoring RCC EMT process. Remarkably, the rescue of IL-15/γc-dependent signaling (STAT5), by co-transfecting γc and JAK3 in RCC, inhibits EMT reversion. In conclusion, these data highlight the central role of IL-15 and γc-receptor signaling in renal homeostasis through the control of E-cadherin expression and preservation of epithelial phenotype both in RPTEC (up-regulation) and RCC (down-regulation)

vGPCR, The Great Escape

Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), a connective tissue cancer that may affect the skin and internal organs, is associated with human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) infection. Among the oncogenes encoded by HHV8, the viral G protein coupled receptor (vGPCR ORF74) was found instrumental for sarcomagenesis initiation and progression. Indeed, vGPCR displays permanent activation, and is sufficient to induce tumor development in mice. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling vGPCR expression and activation remain poorly understood. Here, we present recent data from our group highlighting the presence of an endocytosis motif (Y326GLF) in the vGPCR C-terminal domain that orchestrates the receptor cellular localization, as well as its signaling and paracrine actions. We further show that this YGLF motif controls TLR4 surface expression, and may thus assure immune surveillance. In conclusion, this work shed light on the importance of vGPCR cellular localization and trafficking for its pathogenicity

Interleukin-15 and renal cancer : involvement of the cytokine in the differentiation of cancer stem cells

Pour ses activités immuno-activatrices, l’Interleukine-15 (IL-15) est actuellement considérée comme un candidat de choix pour le traitement des tumeurs solides, en particulier le carcinome rénal, une tumeur très agressive et résistante aux chimio- et immunothérapies. Bien qu’actuellement testée en essai clinique, les fonctions de la cytokine sur la composante rénale restent peu étudiées. Dans ces travaux, nous avons évalué le rôle de l’IL-15 sur les cellules épithéliales rénales normales et tumorales ainsi que sur une sous-population de cellules souches du cancer (CSC) très résistante aux thérapies conventionnelles. Nos résultats montrent que l’IL-15 induit la différenciation des CSC rénales en cellules épithéliales non tumorigéniques et plus sensibles aux agents cytotoxiques, confortant ainsi l’utilisation de la cytokine dans des stratégies anti-tumorales. Nos travaux révèlent cependant que l’IL-15 favorise la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse des cellules du carcinome rénal, une action pro-tumorale à considérer dans le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques.The ability of Interleukin-15 (IL-15) to activate many immune antitumor mechanisms makes it a good candidate for application in solid tumors therapy, particularly renal cell carcinoma which is a highly aggressive and resistant cancer. Although IL-15 is being currently used in clinical trials, the function of the cytokine on the kidney’s components is poorly described. In this work, we evaluated the role of IL-15 on renal normal and tumor epithelial cells as well as a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSC) highly resistant to conventional therapies. Our results show that IL-15 induces the differentiation of renal CSC in non-tumorigenic epithelial cells more sensitive to cytotoxic agents, supporting the use of the cytokine in antitumor strategies. Our experiments show, however, that IL-15 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma cells, a pro-tumor action to be highly considered in the development of new therapeutic approaches

Vaisseaux sanguins et tumeurs ou l’art du dialogue

Le réseau vasculaire joue un rôle essentiel dans le développement des cancers. Au cours de la dernière décennie, la découverte de cellules tumorales à caractère souche logées à proximité des vaisseaux sanguins a permis de mettre en lumière l’existence d’interactions fonctionnelles entre l’endothélium et les cellules tumorales. Dans cette revue, nous présentons les mécanismes d’angiogenèse, ainsi que les éléments de langage dans le dialogue établi entre la tumeur et son microenvironnement. Nous y détaillons, d’une part, les effets de la masse tumorale et son implication dans la modulation de la plasticité endothéliale et, d’autre part, la contribution de la niche vasculaire à la tumorigenèse

Interleukine-15 et tumeurs du rein (implication de la cytokine dans la différenciation des cellules souches du cancer)

Pour ses activités immuno-activatrices, l Interleukine-15 (IL-15) est actuellement considérée comme un candidat de choix pour le traitement des tumeurs solides, en particulier le carcinome rénal, une tumeur très agressive et résistante aux chimio- et immunothérapies. Bien qu actuellement testée en essai clinique, les fonctions de la cytokine sur la composante rénale restent peu étudiées. Dans ces travaux, nous avons évalué le rôle de l IL-15 sur les cellules épithéliales rénales normales et tumorales ainsi que sur une sous-population de cellules souches du cancer (CSC) très résistante aux thérapies conventionnelles. Nos résultats montrent que l IL-15 induit la différenciation des CSC rénales en cellules épithéliales non tumorigéniques et plus sensibles aux agents cytotoxiques, confortant ainsi l utilisation de la cytokine dans des stratégies anti-tumorales. Nos travaux révèlent cependant que l IL-15 favorise la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse des cellules du carcinome rénal, une action pro-tumorale à considérer dans le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques.The ability of Interleukin-15 (IL-15) to activate many immune antitumor mechanisms makes it a good candidate for application in solid tumors therapy, particularly renal cell carcinoma which is a highly aggressive and resistant cancer. Although IL-15 is being currently used in clinical trials, the function of the cytokine on the kidney s components is poorly described. In this work, we evaluated the role of IL-15 on renal normal and tumor epithelial cells as well as a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSC) highly resistant to conventional therapies. Our results show that IL-15 induces the differentiation of renal CSC in non-tumorigenic epithelial cells more sensitive to cytotoxic agents, supporting the use of the cytokine in antitumor strategies. Our experiments show, however, that IL-15 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma cells, a pro-tumor action to be highly considered in the development of new therapeutic approaches.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Monitoring agonist-promoted conformational changes of β-arrestin in living cells by intramolecular BRET

Recruitment of β-arrestin (β-arr) to agonist-stimulated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has a crucial role in controlling signalling efficacy and selectivity. When translocated to the receptor, β-arr is believed to undergo important conformational rearrangement necessary for its downstream actions. To probe these changes in living cells, we constructed an intramolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensor, in which β-arr is sandwiched between the Renilla luciferase (Luc) and the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). We show that the intramolecular BRET between Luc and YFP was significantly increased following GPCR activation, suggesting a conformational rearrangement bringing the amino terminus and carboxyl terminus of β-arr in closer proximity. Kinetic analysis showed that this conformational change follows the initial β-arr/receptor engagement. In addition to providing new insights into the agonist-induced conformational rearrangements of β-arr in living cells, the double-brilliance β-arr offers a universal biosensor for GPCR activation, allowing the study of native receptors in large-scale screening analysis

The E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH3 controls the endothelial barrier

International audienceCell-cell contacts coordinate the endothelial barrier function in response to external cues. To identify new mediators involved in cytokine-promoted endothelial permeability, we screened a siRNA library targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases. Here, we report that silencing of the late endosome/lysosomal membrane-associated RING-CH-3 (MARCH3) enzyme protects the endothelial barrier. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis unmasked the upregulation of the tight junction-encoding gene occludin (OCLN) in MARCH3-depleted cells. Indeed, MARCH3 silencing results in the strengthening of cell-cell contacts, as evidenced by the accumulation of junctional proteins. From a molecular standpoint, the FoxO1 forkhead transcription repressor was inactivated in the absence of MARCH3. This provides a possible molecular link between MARCH3 and the signaling pathway involved in regulating the expression of junctional proteins and barrier integrity

The C-terminus region of β-arrestin1 modulates VE-cadherin expression and endothelial cell permeability.

International audienceBACKGROUND: The endothelial specific cell-cell adhesion molecule, VE-cadherin, modulates barrier function and vascular homeostasis. In this context, we have previously characterized that VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) leads to VE-cadherin phosphorylation, β-arrestin2 recruitment and VE-cadherin internalization in mouse endothelial cells. However, exactly how this VE-cadherin/β-arrestin complex contributes to VEGF-mediated permeability in human endothelial cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated in-depth the VE-cadherin/β-arrestin interactions in human endothelial cells exposed to VEGF. FINDINGS: First, we demonstrated that VEGF induces VE-cadherin internalization in a clathrin-dependent manner in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In addition to the classical components of endocytic vesicles, β-arrestin1 was recruited and bound to phosphorylated VE-cadherin. Molecular mapping of this interaction uncovered that the C-terminus tail of β-arrestin1, that comprises amino acids 375 to 418, was sufficient to directly interact with the phosphorylated form of VE-cadherin. Interestingly, the expression of the C-terminus tail of β-arrestin1 induced loss of surface exposed-VE-cadherin, promoted monolayer disorganization and enhanced permeability. Finally, this effect relied on decreased VE-cadherin expression at the transcriptional level, through inhibition of its promoter activity. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, our results demonstrate that β-arrestin1 might play multiple functions collectively contributing to endothelial barrier properties. Indeed, in addition to a direct implication in VE-cadherin endocytosis, β-arrestin1 could also control VE-cadherin transcription and expression. Ultimately, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in VE-cadherin function might provide therapeutic tools for many human diseases where the vascular barrier is compromised

Desert Hedgehog/Patch2 Axis Contributes to Vascular Permeability and Angiogenesis in Glioblastoma

International audienceGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) constitutes the most common and the most aggressive type of human tumors affecting the central nervous system. Prognosis remains dark due to the inefficiency of current treatments and the rapid relapse. Paralleling other human tumors, GBM contains a fraction of tumor initiating cells with the capacity to self-renew, initiate and maintain the tumor mass. These cells were found in close proximity to brain vasculature, suggesting functional interactions between brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and endothelial cells within the so-called vascular niche. However, the mechanisms by which these cells impact on the endothelium plasticity and function remain unclear. Using culture of BTICs isolated from a cohort of 14 GBM patients, we show that BTICs secretome promotes brain endothelial cell remodeling in a VEGF-independent manner. Gene array analysis unmasked that BTICs-released factors drove the expression of Ptch2 in endothelial cells. Interestingly, BTICs produce desert hedgehog (DHH) ligand, enabling a paracrine DHH/Ptch2 signaling cascade that conveys elevated permeability and angiogenesis. Finally, DHH silencing in BTICs dramatically reduced tumor growth, as well as vascularization and intra-tumor permeability. Collectively, our data unveil a role for DHH in exacerbated tumor angiogenesis and permeability, which may ultimately favor glioblastoma growth, and thus place the DHH/Ptch2 nexus as a molecular target for novel therapies