The human right to education in the German school system: What will it take to reduce discrimination

The present analysis is intended as to help shift human rights more into the focus of discussions on education and educational justice, particularly with respect to protection against discrimination. Protection against discrimination, as a structural principle of human rights, is integral to all of them. All human beings are equally entitled to human rights on the basis of their humanity, and human rights are not guaranteed unless everyone can exercise them without encountering discrimination. Thus education, as a human right, entails the recognition of equal rights for all. The publication is a slightly revised excerpt from the German publication "Das Menschenrecht auf Bildung im deutschen Schulsystem: Was zum Abbau von Diskriminierung notwendig ist"

Schweigen ist nicht neutral: menschenrechtliche Anforderungen an Neutralität und Kontroversität in der Schule

Wahlen oder kontroverse Bundestagsdebatten sind ein willkommener Anlass, politische Prozesse auch in der Schule zu erörtern. Aktuell sind jedoch viele Lehrer_innen verunsichert, was die Behandlung von Parteien und politischen Standpunkten betrifft: Wie sehr können sie sich positionieren, ohne das Neutralitätsgebot zu verletzen? Welche Bedeutung haben Begriffe wie Kontroversität aus dem Beutelsbacher Konsens? Sollen Lehrer_innen diskriminierende Äußerungen, die im Unterricht fallen, tolerieren oder einschreiten? Die Menschenrechte, die auch im Schulkontext einen rechtsverbindlichen Rahmen bieten, können hier für Klarheit sorgen

Das Menschenrecht auf Bildung im deutschen Schulsystem: was zum Aubbau von Diskriminierung notwendig ist

Die Analyse möchte einen Beitrag dazu leisten, die Diskussionen um Bildung und Bildungsgerechtigkeit stärker an Menschenrech­ten zu orientieren, und zwar insbesondere im Hinblick auf Diskriminierungsschutz. Der Schutz vor Diskriminierung ist als menschenrechtliches Strukturprinzip Bestandteil aller Menschenrechte

Diversity of human astroviruses in Germany 2018 and 2019

Aim of this study was to investigate the molecular diversity of human astroviruses (HAstV) in Germany. A follow-up study was performed with human stool samples collected in 2018–2019, which were genotyped retrospectively. A total of 2645 stool samples, collected between January 2018 and December 2019 from sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were analyzed. An algorithm of PCR systems was used to characterize human astrovirus. Human astroviruses were found in 40 samples (positive rate: 1.6%). During the study period, children aged 1–2 years (48%) were most affected by HAstV. Genotyping revealed a number of nine circulating genotypes representing four human Mamastrovirus species. Strain MLB1 was predominant in the study population with a detection rate of 25% followed by HAstV1 with a positive rate of 20%. The diversity of astrovirus genotypes seems to be rather stable in Germany in the last years. A clustering of regionally and/or temporally linked human astroviruses in Germany was not detectable.Peer Reviewe

Diskriminierung im Bildungsbereich abbauen: Bedeutung und Rezeption des Menschenrechtsansatzes in der Bildungsforschung - Gemeinsame Veranstaltung mit dem Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) am 29. September 2016 ; Tagungsdokumentation

Welche Begriffe von Diskriminierung werden in der Bildungs- und Menschenrechtsforschung zugrunde gelegt? Wie beziehen sie sich aufeinander und wie können sich die verschiedenen Ansätze gegenseitig ergänzen? Wie manifestiert sich Diskriminierung im Bildungsbereich und welche Indikatoren können herangezogen werden, um menschenrechtlich relevante Benachteiligungen und Ausgrenzungen zu identifizieren? Diesen und weiteren Fragen widmete sich eine Veranstaltung des Instituts in Kooperation mit dem Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) am 29. September 2016. Anlass der Tagung war die Veröffentlichung der Analyse "Das Menschenrecht auf Bildung im deutschen Schulsystem. Was zum Abbau von Diskriminierung notwendig ist" von Mareike Niendorf und Sandra Reitz (DIMR). Die nun vorliegende Dokumentation fasst die Referate und Diskussionen zusammen und skizziert die Gespräche und Argumentationsstränge in den Workshops

Presence and Diversity of Different Enteric Viruses in Wild Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Abstract: Rodents are common reservoirs for numerous zoonotic pathogens, but knowledge about diversity of pathogens in rodents is still limited. Here, we investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in 51 Norway rats collected in three different countries in Europe. RNA of at least one virus was detected in the intestine of 49 of 51 animals. Astrovirus RNA was detected in 46 animals, mostly of rat astroviruses. Human astrovirus (HAstV-8) RNA was detected in one, rotavirus group A (RVA) RNA was identified in eleven animals. One RVA RNA could be typed as rat G3 type. Rat hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA was detected in five animals. Two entire genome sequences of ratHEV were determined. Human norovirus RNA was detected in four animals with the genotypes GI.P4-GI.4, GII.P33-GII.1, and GII.P21. In one animal, a replication competent coxsackievirus A20 strain was detected. Additionally, RNA of an enterovirus species A strain was detected in the same animal, albeit in a different tissue. The results show a high detection rate and diversity of enteric viruses in Norway rats in Europe and indicate their significance as vectors for zoonotic transmission of enteric viruses. The detailed role of Norway rats and transmission pathways of enteric viruses needs to be investigated in further studies.Peer Reviewe

Menschenrechte: Materialien für die Bildungsarbeit mit Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen

Was sind Menschenrechte? Wo sind sie verankert und wer schützt sie? Was hat Diskriminierung mit Menschenrechten zu tun und warum ist der Zugang zum Recht unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der Menschenrechte? Welche Menschenrechtsverletzungen erleben Menschen mit Behinderung, was steht in der UN-Kinderrechtskonvention und wo ist das Recht auf Asyl festgeschrieben? Auf diese Fragen geben die Bildungsmaterialien Antworten. Sie vermitteln Grundwissen, erklären das Menschenrechtschutzsystem der Vereinten Nationen und zeigen auf, welche Rolle Menschenrechte im Alltag spielen. Darüber hinaus beleuchten sie die Themen Schutz vor Diskriminierung, Zugang zum Recht, Behinderung und Inklusion, Kinderrechte und Partizipation sowie Flucht und Asyl. Die Materialien bestehen aus didaktischen Hinweisen zu Menschenrechtsbildung sowie sechs Modulen. Die Bildungsmaterialien können für die schulische und außerschulische Bildung genutzt werden. Sie sind für die Arbeit mit Menschen ab 15 Jahren geeignet

Genetic Diversity of Enteric Viruses in Children under Five Years Old in Gabon

Enteric viruses are the leading cause of diarrhea in children globally. Identifying viral agents and understanding their genetic diversity could help to develop effective preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the detection rate and genetic diversity of four enteric viruses in Gabonese children aged below five years. Stool samples from children <5 years with (n = 177) and without (n = 67) diarrhea were collected from April 2018 to November 2019. Norovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, and aichivirus A were identified using PCR techniques followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. At least one viral agent was identified in 23.2% and 14.9% of the symptomatic and asymptomatic participants, respectively. Norovirus (14.7%) and astrovirus (7.3%) were the most prevalent in children with diarrhea, whereas in the healthy group norovirus (9%) followed by the first reported aichivirus A in Gabon (6%) were predominant. The predominant norovirus genogroup was GII, consisting mostly of genotype GII.P31-GII.4 Sydney. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3CD region of the aichivirus A genome revealed the presence of two genotypes (A and C) in the study cohort. Astrovirus and sapovirus showed a high diversity, with five different astrovirus genotypes and four sapovirus genotypes, respectively. Our findings give new insights into the circulation and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in Gabonese children.Peer Reviewe

Molecular surveillance and genetic divergence of rotavirus A antigenic epitopes in Gabonese children with acute gastroenteritis

Background Rotavirus A (RVA) causes acute gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we described the epidemiology and genetic diversity of RVA infecting Gabonese children and examined the antigenic variability of circulating strains in relation to available vaccine strains to maximize the public health benefits of introducing rotavirus vaccine through the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Gabon. Methods Stool samples were collected consecutively between April 2018 and November 2019 from all hospitalized children <5 years with gastroenteritis and community controls without gastroenteritis. Children were tested for rotavirus A by quantitative RT-PCR and subsequently sequenced to identify circulating rotavirus A genotypes in the most vulnerable population. The VP7 and VP4 (VP8*) antigenic epitopes were mapped to homologs of vaccine strains to assess structural variability and potential impact on antigenicity. Findings Infections were mostly acquired during the dry season. Rotavirus A was detected in 98/177 (55%) hospitalized children with gastroenteritis and 14/67 (21%) of the control children. The most common RVA genotypes were G1 (18%), G3 (12%), G8 (18%), G9 (2%), G12 (25%), with G8 and G9 reported for the first time in Gabon. All were associated either with P[6] (31%) or P[8] (38%) genotypes. Several non-synonymous substitutions were observed in the antigenic epitopes of VP7 (positions 94 and 147) and VP8* (positions 89, 116, 146 and 150), which may modulate the elicited immune responses. Interpretation This study contributes to the epidemiological surveillance of rotavirus A required before the introduction of rotavirus vaccination in the EPI for Gabonese children.Peer Reviewe