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Not AvailableThermogravimetric spectra of binderless briquettes and its raw material, soybean crop residues, were critically analyzed to ascertain the changes occurring in the intrinsic biopolymeric components such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin due to briquetting stresses. Transitions of thermogravimetric signals and activation energy levels were analyzed and discussed. The distinct and sharp signals related to the secondary charring process at the high temperature regime in thermogravimetry were noticed in briquettes as compared to these signals in raw residue. Integral isoconversional Friedman kinetics treatment was used to compute the conversion fraction dependent activation energies. Deconvolution analysis of differential thermograms was done to diagnose the internal thermogravimetric transformations. It established the lesser reactivity and better consolidation in case of briquetted biofuel.Not Availabl

Polymeric Consolidation in Briquetted Biofuel as Compared to Raw Biomaterial: A TG-Vision for Pigeon Pea Stalks

The consolidation of different polymeric bioconstituents was clearly observed in briquetted biofuel produced from pigeon pea crop residues. Critical thermogravimetric diagnosis showed that the scattering of tail end segments of thermograms taken at different heating rates was remarkably low in briquetted biofuel as compared to the scattering in raw material. The consolidation of polymeric cellulose and lignin was discussed and explained. Kinetics was evaluated using isoconversional integral Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method. The activation energy profile of briquetted biofuel dominated over the raw pigeon pea stalks showing higher thermal stability, which was evidence, positive toward the consolidation of intrinsic biopolymers due to briquetting process

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Not AvailablePine needles are the waste of pine forest and produced in a substantial amount every year during the fall. If not extracted from forest bed, they cause a widespread forest fire. In this study, pine needles were converted to char at different temperatures using a screw type pyrolyzer with an aim to find out the effect of thermal stress on the properties of chars and their intended end uses. The chars were evaluated for intrinsic physico-chemical transformations in comparison with the raw pine needles. Differences between chars produced in three temperatures and the raw biomass were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the char produced at higher temperature showed a superior profile of apparent activation energy as compared with the char from low temperature. Coats–Redfern kinetics was used to compare the activation energies of chars and raw biomass, which showed that the char obtained from higher temperature had better thermal stability. From this study it can be concluded that chars produced at low temperatures in the screw reactor are useful as source of fuel, whereas the char of higher temperature is suitable for soil application and preparation of activated charNot Availabl

Mechanical properties of fibre/filler based polylactic Acid (PLA) composites: a brief review

Being a biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based composites receive greater preference over nonbiodegradable plastics. Poly(lactic acid) has to find its place in various applications such as polymer composites, agriculture, biomedical, etc. Polymer composites based on PLA possess comparable mechanical strength, endurance, flexibility and endures future opportunities. Several combinations of natural fibers and filler-based PLA composites have been fabricated and investigated for physical and mechanical changes. Moreover, several biopolymers and compatibilizers are added to PLA to provide rigidity. The paper presents a tabulated review of the various natural fiber/filter-based PLA composites and the preparation and outcomes. In addition, enhancement made by the reinforcement of nano filler in the PLA are also discussed in brief. The significance of PLA in the biomedical application has been discussed in brief. The paper also shed lights in the social and economic aspects of PLA

Critical Review on Polylactic Acid: Properties, Structure, Processing, Biocomposites, and Nanocomposites

Composite materials are emerging as a vital entity for the sustainable development of both humans and the environment. Polylactic acid (PLA) has been recognized as a potential polymer candidate with attractive characteristics for applications in both the engineering and medical sectors. Hence, the present article throws lights on the essential physical and mechanical properties of PLA that can be beneficial for the development of composites, biocomposites, films, porous gels, and so on. The article discusses various processes that can be utilized in the fabrication of PLA-based composites. In a later section, we have a detailed discourse on the various composites and nanocomposites-based PLA along with the properties’ comparisons, discussing our investigation on the effects of various fibers, fillers, and nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of PLA. Lastly, the various applications in which PLA is used extensively are discussed in detail