The role of minimum supply and social vulnerability assessment for governing critical infrastructure failure: current gaps and future agenda

Increased attention has lately been given to the resilience of critical infrastructure in the context of natural hazards and disasters. The major focus therein is on the sensitivity of critical infrastructure technologies and their management contingencies. However, strikingly little attention has been given to assessing and mitigating social vulnerabilities towards the failure of critical infrastructure and to the development, design and implementation of minimum supply standards in situations of major infrastructure failure. Addressing this gap and contributing to a more integrative perspective on critical infrastructure resilience is the objective of this paper. It asks which role social vulnerability assessments and minimum supply considerations can, should and do-or do not-play for the management and governance of critical infrastructure failure. In its first part, the paper provides a structured review on achievements and remaining gaps in the management of critical infrastructure and the understanding of social vulnerabilities towards disaster-related infrastructure failures. Special attention is given to the current state of minimum supply concepts with a regional focus on policies in Germany and the EU. In its second part, the paper then responds to the identified gaps by developing a heuristic model on the linkages of critical infrastructure management, social vulnerability and minimum supply. This framework helps to inform a vision of a future research agenda, which is presented in the paper's third part. Overall, the analysis suggests that the assessment of socially differentiated vulnerabilities towards critical infrastructure failure needs to be undertaken more stringently to inform the scientifically and politically difficult debate about minimum supply standards and the shared responsibilities for securing them

修士課程モジュール 災害、環境、リスク軽減（Eco-DRR） 指導者マニュアル2019版（日本語版）

●初版：2013年5月 国連環境計画 © 2019.●日本語訳版は、総合地球環境学研究所Eco-DRRプロジェクト（RHIN 14200103 代表：吉田丈人）の一環として制作された。●日本語版監修：古田尚也（大正大学，IUCN日本リエゾンオフィス，総合地球環境学研究所）●翻訳：松尾茜、水野理、岡野直幸（地球環境戦略研究機関

Water supply emergency preparedness and response in health care facilities: A systematic review on international evidence

IntroductionEnabling health care facilities to deal with impairments or outages of water supply and sewage systems is essential and particularly important in the face of growing risk levels due to climate change and natural hazards. Yet, comprehensive assessments of the existing preparedness and response measures, both in theory and practice, are lacking. The objective of this review is to assess water supply and wastewater management in health care facilities in emergency settings and low-resource contexts. It thereby is a first step toward knowledge transfer across different world regions and/or contexts.MethodA systematic review was performed to identify published articles on the subject using online MEDLINE and Web of Science. The initial searches yielded a total of 1,845 records. Two independent reviewers screened identified records using selection criteria. A total of 39 relevant studies were identified. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize evidence of included studies.ResultsOverall, water supply was far more discussed than wastewater management. Studies on emergency preparedness identified back-up water storage tank, additional pipelines, and underground wells as key sources to supply health care facilities with water during an emergency. In emergency response, bottled of water, followed by in-situ back-up water storage tanks previously installed as part of disaster preparedness measures, and tanker trucks to complete were most used. Questions on how to improve existing technologies, their uptake, but also the supplementation by alternative measures remain unanswered. Only few guidelines and tools on emergency preparedness were identified, while multiple studies formulated theoretical recommendations to guide preparedness. Recovery planning was rarely discussed, despite many studies mentioning the importance of the reconstruction and restoration phases. Literature focus on recovery is mostly on technical aspects, while organizational ones are largely absent. Despite their key role for preparedness and response, citizens and patients' perspectives are hugely underrepresented. This fits into the bigger picture as communication, awareness raising and actor cooperation in general is addressed comparatively little.DiscussionCombining organizational and technical aspects, and intersecting theory and practice will be necessary to address existing gaps. Improving both, preparedness and response, is key to maintaining public health and providing primary care

生態系を活用した災害リスク軽減 ケーススタディと演習ソースブック

●2014年5月初版発行：環境・災害リスク軽減パートナーシップ、自然資源開発センター●日本語訳版は、総合地球環境学研究所Eco-DRRプロジェクト（RHIN 14200103 代表：吉田丈人）の一環として制作された。●日本語版監修：古田尚也（大正大学，IUCN日本リエゾンオフィス，総合地球環境学研究所）●翻訳：久山哲雄、水野理、岡野直幸（地球環境戦略研究機関

Here Comes the Flood, but Not Failure? Lessons to Learn after the Heavy Rain and Pluvial Floods in Germany 2021

Floods are a known natural hazard in Germany, but the amount of precipitation and ensuing high death toll and damages after the events especially from 14 to 15 July 2021 came as a surprise. Almost immediately questions about failure in the early warning chains and the effectiveness of the German response emerged, also internationally. This article presents lessons to learn and argues against a blame culture. The findings are based on comparisons with findings from previous research projects carried out in the Rhein-Erft Kreis and the city of Cologne, as well as on discussions with operational relief forces after the 2021 events. The main disaster aspects of the 2021 flood are related to issuing and understanding warnings, a lack of information and data exchange, unfolding upon a situation of an ongoing pandemic and aggravated further by critical infrastructure failure. Increasing frequencies of flash floods and other extremes due to climate change are just one side of the transformation and challenge, Germany and neighbouring countries are facing. The vulnerability paradox also heavily contributes to it; German society became increasingly vulnerable to failure due to an increased dependency on its infrastructure and emergency system, and the ensuing expectations of the public for a perfect system

Advancing Resilience of Critical Health Infrastructures to Cascading Impacts of Water Supply Outages—Insights from a Systematic Literature Review

The current understanding of critical health infrastructure resilience is still dominated by a technical perspective. Reality however is different, as past events including the COVID-19 pandemic have revealed: emergency situations are only rarely exclusively technical in nature. Instead they are a product of prior circumstances, often linked to natural hazards, technical mishaps, and insufficient social and organizational preparedness structures. However, experiences and lessons learned from past events are still largely overlooked and have not sufficiently found their way into conceptual understandings of critical health infrastructure resilience. This paper addresses this gap by challenging the one-sided and technically oriented understanding of resilience in the context of critical health infrastructure. Based on a systematic literature review, it assesses real-world cases of water supply failures in healthcare facilities, a serious threat largely overlooked in research and policy. The results underscore the need for targeted organizational strategies to deal with cascading impacts. The overall findings show that addressing technical aspects alone is not sufficient to increase the overall resilience of healthcare facilities. Broadening the dominant resilience understanding is hence an important foundation for healthcare infrastructures to improve risk management and emergency preparedness strategies to increase their resilience towards future disruptions

Metropolitan Regions : Challenges for Sustainability and Governance of Periurban Areas in Brazil

A metropolização tornou-se um fenomeno mundial de urbanização. No Brasil, com um alto nível de urbanização, esta tendência está sendo bem visível em mega cidades como também em centros regionais, levando a criação de grandes áreas urbanizadas que se extendem dos municípios centrais até cidades vizinhas, antigamente distantes. A criação de aglomerações urbanas enormes como a Macrometropole Paulista são o resultado de uma configuração nova de uma entidade urbana e com desafios significativos em governar estes enormes e altamente fragmentadas áreas urbanas. Principalmente nas regiões metropilitanas mais populosas o desenvolvimento peri-urbano mostra problemas enormes com a falta de infraestrutura como também de segurança pública além de novas formas de fragmentação que estão acompanhados por problemas sociais e ecológicas. Resolver todos estes desafios é uma tarefa notável para o nível municipal, regional e nacional. Baseado numa classificação de diferentes fases do desenvolvimento peri-urbano a partir dos anos 60 do século XX analisamos o desenvolvimento das áreas metropolitanas do Brasil. Tanto formas diferentes de governança urbana quanto abordagens sustentáveis para lidar com os desafios urbanos são avaliadas em estudos de caso sobre São Paulo, Curitiba e Recife