The Interstellar Medium of IRAS 08572+3915 NW: H3+ and Warm High Velocity CO

We confirm the first detection of the molecular ion H3+ in an extragalactic object, the highly obscured ultraluminous galaxy IRAS 08572+3915 NW. We also have detected absorption lines of the fundamental band of CO in this galaxy. The CO absorption consists of a cold component close to the systemic velocity and warm, highly blueshifted and redshifted components. The warm blueshifted component is remarkably strong and broad and extends at least to -350 km/s. Some analogies can be drawn between the H3+ and cold CO in IRAS08572+3915 NW and the same species seen toward the Galactic center. The profiles of the warm CO components are not those expected from a dusty torus of the type thought to obscure active galactic nuclei. They are probably formed close to the dust continuum surface near the buried and active nucleus and are probably associated with an unusual and energetic event there.Comment: 21 pages, 4 postscript figures, accepted by Ap

Multiphoton Coincidence Spectroscopy

We extend the analysis of photon coincidence spectroscopy beyond bichromatic excitation and two-photon coincidence detection to include multichromatic excitation and multiphoton coincidence detection. Trichromatic excitation and three-photon coincidence spectroscopy are studied in detail, and we identify an observable signature of a triple resonance in an atom-cavity system.Comment: 6 page, REVTeXs, 6 Postscript figures. The abstract appeared in the Proceedings of ACOLS9

‘It’s better than daytime television’: questioning the socio-spatial impacts of massage parlours on residential communities

It has been shown that street sex work is problematic for some communities, but there is less evidence of the effects of brothels. Emerging research also suggests that impact discourses outlined by residential communities and in regulatory policies should be critiqued, because they are often based on minority community voices, and limited tangible evidence is used to masquerade wider moral viewpoints about the place of sex work. Using a study of residents living in close proximity to brothels in Blackpool, this paper argues that impact is socially and spatially fluid. Impact needs to be evaluated in a more nuanced manner, which is considerate of the heterogeneity of (even one type of) sex work, and the community in question. Brothels in Blackpool had a variety of roles in the everyday socio-spatial fabric; thus also questioning the common assumption that sex work only impacts negatively on residential communities

The IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS)

IRAS flux densities, redshifts, and infrared luminosities are reported for all sources identified in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS), a complete flux-limited survey of all extragalactic objects with total 60 micron flux density greater than 5.24 Jy, covering the entire sky surveyed by IRAS at Galactic latitude |b| > 5 degrees. The RBGS includes 629 objects, with a median (mean) sample redshift of 0.0082 (0.0126) and a maximum redshift of 0.0876. The RBGS supersedes the previous two-part IRAS Bright Galaxy Samples, which were compiled before the final ("Pass 3") calibration of the IRAS Level 1 Archive in May 1990. The RBGS also makes use of more accurate and consistent automated methods to measure the flux of objects with extended emission. Basic properties of the RBGS sources are summarized, including estimated total infrared luminosities, as well as updates to cross-identifications with sources from optical galaxy catalogs established using the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED). In addition, an atlas of images from the Digitized Sky Survey with overlays of the IRAS position uncertainty ellipse and annotated scale bars is provided for ease in visualizing the optical morphology in context with the angular and metric size of each object. The revised bolometric infrared luminosity function, phi(L_ir), for infrared bright galaxies in the local Universe remains best fit by a double power law, phi(L_ir) ~ L_ir^alpha, with alpha = -0.6 (+/- 0.1), and alpha = -2.2 (+/- 0.1) below and above the "characteristic" infrared luminosity L_ir ~ 10^{10.5} L_solar, respectively. (Abridged)Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal. Contains 50 pages, 7 tables, 16 figures. Due to astro-ph space limits, only 1 of 26 pages of Figure 1, and 1 of 11 pages of Table 7, are included; full resolution Postscript files are available at http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March03/IRAS_RBGS/Figures/ . Replacement: Corrected insertion of Fig. 15 (MethodCodes.ps) in LaTe

Submilliamp threshold InGaAs-GaAs strained layer quantum-well laser

Strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs single-quantum-well buried-heterostructure lasers were fabricated by a hybrid beam epitaxy and liquid-phase epitaxy technique. Very low threshold currents, 2.4 mA for an uncoated laser (L=425 μm) and 0.75 mA for a coated laser (R~0.9, L=198 μm), were obtained. A 3-dB modulation bandwidth of 7.6 GHz was demonstrated at low bias current (14 mA). Procedures for material preparation and device fabrication are introduced

Brane-f(R)f(R) gravity and dark matter

The collision-free Boltzmann equation is used in the context of brane-$f(R)$ gravity to derive the virial theorem. It is shown that the virial mass is proportional to certain geometrical terms appearing in the Einstein field equations and contributes to gravitational energy and that such a geometric mass can be attributed to the virial mass discrepancy in a cluster of galaxies. In addition, the galaxy rotation curves are studied by utilizing the concept of conformal symmetry and notion of conformal Killing symmetry. The field equations may then be obtained in an exact parametric form in terms of the parameter representing the conformal factor. This provides the possibility of studying the behavior of the angular velocity of a test particle moving in a stable circular orbit. The tangential velocity can be derived as a function of the conformal factor and integration constants, resulting in a constant value at large radial distances. Relevant phenomenon such as the deflection of light passing through a region where the rotation curves are flat and the radar echo delay are also studied.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, to appear in PR

Probing for evolutionary links between local ULIRGs and QSOs from NIR spectroscopy

We present a study of the dynamical evolution of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs), merging galaxies of infrared luminosity >10^12 L_sun. During our Very Large Telescope large program, we have obtained ISAAC near-infrared, high-resolution spectra of 54 ULIRGs (at several merger phases) and 12 local Palomar-Green QSOs to investigate whether ULIRGs go through a QSO phase during their evolution. One possible evolutionary scenario is that after nuclear coalescence, the black hole radiates close to Eddington to produce QSO luminosities. The mean stellar velocity dispersion that we measure from our spectra is similar (~160 km/s) for 30 post-coalescence ULIRGs and 7 IR-bright QSOs. The black holes in both populations have masses of order 10^7-10^8 M_sun (calculated from the relation to the host dispersion) and accrete at rates >0.5 Eddington. Placing ULIRGs and IR-bright QSOs on the fundamental plane of early-type galaxies shows that they are located on a similar region (that of moderate-mass ellipticals), in contrast to giant ellipticals and radio-loud QSOs. While this preliminary comparison of the ULIRG and QSO host kinematical properties indicates that (some) ULIRGs may undergo a QSO phase in their evolutionary history before they settle down as ellipticals, further data on non-IR excess QSOs are necessary to test this scenario.Comment: To appear in the "QSO Host Galaxies: Evolution and Environment" conference proceedings; meeting held in Leiden, August 200

Keck Absorption-Line Spectroscopy of Galactic Winds in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

In this paper, we present moderately-high resolution (~65 km/s) spectroscopy, acquired with ESI on Keck II, of 11 ultraluminous infrared galaxies at z < 0.3 from the IRAS 1 Jy sample. The targets were chosen as good candidates to host galaxy-scale outflows, and most have infrared luminosities dominated by star formation. We use a chi-squared minimization to fit one- to three-component profiles to the NaI D interstellar absorption doublet in each object. Assuming that gas blueshifted by more than 70 km/s relative to the systemic velocity of the host is outflowing, we detect outflows in 73% of these objects. We adopt a simple model of a mass-conserving free wind to infer mass outflow rates in the range (dM/dt)_tot(H) = 13-133 M_sun/yr for galaxies hosting a wind. These values of (dM/dt)_tot, normalized to the corresponding global star formation rates inferred from infrared luminosities, are in the range eta = (dM/dt)_tot / SFR = 0.1-0.7. This is on average a factor of only 10 less than eta from recent measurements of nearby dwarfs, edge-on spirals, and lower-luminosity infrared galaxies. Within our sample, we conclude that eta has no dependence on the mass of the host (parameterized by host galaxy kinematics and absolute R- and K'-band magnitudes). We also attempt to estimate the average escape fraction = Sum(dM/dt_esc^i) / Sum(dM/dt_tot^i) and ``ejection efficiency'' = Sum(dM/dt_esc^i) / Sum(SFR^i) for our sample, which we find to be \~0.4-0.5 and ~0.1, respectively. The complex absorption-line properties of Mrk 231, an ultraluminous infrared galaxy which is optically classified as a Seyfert 1, are discussed separately in an appendix.Comment: 34 pages, 12 .ps figures, 10 tables; accepted for publication in ApJ, 10 May 2002, v570 n

New Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the High Redshift Quasar B 1422+231 at z=3.62

We present new near-infrared (rest-frame UV-to-optical) spectra of the high redshift, gravitationally lensed quasar B 1422+231 (z=3.62). Diagnostic emission lines of FeII, [OIII]5007, and Hb, commonly used to determine the excitation, ionization, and chemical abundances of radio-quiet and radio-loud quasars, were detected. Our new data show that the ratio FeII(UV)/Hb=18.1+-4.6 and FeII(optical)/Hb=2.3+-0.6 are higher than those reported by Kawara et al. (1996) by factors of 1.6 and 3.3, respectively, although the ration [OIII]5007/Hb=0.19+-0.02 is nearly the same between the two measurements. The discrepancy of the line flux ratios between the measurements is likely due to improved data and fitting procedures rather that to intrinsic variability. While approximately half of the high-z quasars observed to date have much more extreme FeII(optical)/Hb ratios, the line ratio measured for B 422+231 are consistent with the observed range of FeII(optical) ratios of low-z quasars.Comment: 5 pages, 1 table, 4 figures. To appear in The Astronomical Journa

A Comparison of the Effects of Child Management and Planned Activities Training in Five Parenting Environments

This study compared the effects of two procedures designed to enhance the extra training effects of behavioral parent training. Twenty parents of oppositional children were randomly assigned to either a child management training condition or a combined child management plus planned activities condition. A further 10 non-problem children and their parents served as a social validation group. Observations of both parent and child behavior were conducted in each of five home observation settings (breakfast time, kindy (kindergarten) or school exit, a structured playtime, bathtime, and bedtime). Both training procedures resulted in changes in both child oppositional and parent aversive behavior in all observation settings. In addition, desired positive parenting behaviors also improved in all settings. Treatment effects were maintained in all settings at 3-month follow-up. Comparisons between oppositional children following treatment and children in the social validation group showed that they each displayed similarly low levels of oppositional behavior in all settings. The implications of the results for facilitating generalized changes in behavioral parent training are discussed