Charlotte Sanders 1928-1929

Charlotte Sanders attended Ward-Belmont during the 1928-1929 school years.https://repository.belmont.edu/scrapbooks/1025/thumbnail.jp

Cartographers of Disrupted Belonging: Sudanese Mothers Drawing Maps of Portsmouth (UK)

Map-making is an everyday practice for Sudanese women in Portsmouth. Arriving to the city within the last twenty-five years, women continue to work hard to reconfigure their sense of place, to reorient themselves in urban space, and to relearn the landmarks of everyday life so as to produce comfortable homes and lives for their families. Through the methodology of ‘mental mapping’, in which women sketch the city from memory, their practices of everyday cartography are revealed. This invests women’s mundane movements in unfamiliar – and frequently hostile – urban spaces with agential power. At the same time, these visual articulations of urban space make clear the limitations of women’s mobilities and spatial knowledges in the city. The city’s landmarks describe everyday circuits of mothering, timetables of domestic and child-rearing duties which both produce and repress particular urban mobilities. Furthermore, their maps also trace classed and racialised formations of space in Portsmouth, underscoring the centrality of both mothering and ‘Othering’ to the construction of Sudanese women’s urban spatialities and spatial knowledges. Interweaving these visual articulations of space with women’s oral insights, I show how spatial domination produces particular im/possibilities for subjecthood, belonging and the liveability of life in urban contexts as gender, race and class intersect. More specifically, these routes and rhythms of everyday life disrupt Sudanese women’s capacity for relational belongings, the pursuit of study and employment, and the securing of citizenship. Taking the spatial and the temporal contours of the everyday seriously illuminates the infra/structural configurations of domination which shape different sorts of lives in the city through particular nodes of im/mobility and in/visibility. This paper contributes to discussions in critical migration studies and feminist geography by making M/othering – that is mothering and ‘Othering’ – central to conceptualising everyday experiences of disrupted belonging

Come Down & Make Bargains in Good Faith: The Application of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 to Race & National Origin Discrimination in Retail Stores

Plaintiffs who are harassed or otherwise discriminated against in retail stores on the basis of their race or national origin have few options for legal redress. The major federal public accommodations statute, Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, does not cover retail stores. In addition, while some state public accommodations statutes explicitly ban discrimination in retail stores, many others do not. As a result, plaintiffs who have been discriminated against in retail stores have turned to the contracts clause of 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Section 1981, a Reconstruction-era civil rights statute, guarantees to all people within the United States the same right “as is enjoyed by white citizens” to “make and enforce contracts.” Over time, courts have changed the scope of § 1981, variously expanding and restricting the statute’s coverage. In 1991, Congress amended the statute to extend its requirement of equality beyond the “making” and “enforcement” of contracts to include the “performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.” However, many courts have continued to apply the statute narrowly, despite the 1991 amendments that broadened its scope. This narrowing of the statute places many clear cases of discrimination by retailers outside § 1981’s coverage. It is wrong as a matter of statutory interpretation and contract law. It is also wrong as a matter of history, at odds with the development of property and contract law over time. This paper examines and critiques courts’ narrow § 1981 jurisprudence, and offers a model for improved § 1981 decision-making. It argues that the “right to contract” protected by § 1981 is a process rather than a moment. The statute protects the entire contractual relationship between customer and store: entering, browsing or sampling the goods available, interacting with store personnel, completing a purchase, and finally exiting the store. It also asserts that stores provide services as well as goods, and § 1981 demands that those services be provided equally to all customers, regardless of their race or national origin. Finally, it argues that § 1981 cannot be interpreted as mandating equal access, but then permitting unequal treatment at all points except the checkout counter. Congress attempted to broaden § 1981 in 1991 to correct this very mistake in logic; today’s courts have continued to interpret the statute, and the retail contracts on which the statute pivots, narrowly and improperly

Pseudodoping of Metallic Two-Dimensional Materials by The Supporting Substrates

We demonstrate how hybridization between a two-dimensional material and its substrate can lead to an apparent heavy doping, using the example of monolayer TaS$_2$ grown on Au(111). Combining $\textit{ab-initio}$ calculations, scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments and a generic model, we show that strong changes in Fermi areas can arise with much smaller actual charge transfer. This mechanism, which we refer to as pseudodoping, is a generic effect for metallic two-dimensional materials which are either adsorbed to metallic substrates or embedded in vertical heterostructures. It explains the apparent heavy doping of TaS$_2$ on Au(111) observed in photoemission spectroscopy and spectroscopic signatures in scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Pseudodoping is associated with non-linear energy-dependent shifts of electronic spectra, which our scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments reveal for clean and defective TaS$_2$ monolayer on Au(111). The influence of pseudodoping on the formation of charge ordered, magnetic, or superconducting states is analyzed.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1609.0022

Cultivated invisibility and migrants’ experiences of homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic

The UK government’s Everyone In scheme, announced in March 2020, required local authorities to temporarily house all homeless individuals in their area regardless of immigration status. In providing support through safe and secure accommodation, Everyone In also provided a crucial moment of visibility for migrants experiencing homelessness. Yet, just as it provided life-changing opportunities for some, the scheme was not straightforwardly a celebratory moment for migrants. It remained embedded within a wider context of immigration governance and social inequality in the UK, which has both invisibilised migrant homelessness as a crisis and hypervisibilised migrants as undeserving, suspicious or ‘illegal’ subjects. In this article, we explore life-story narratives co-produced with migrants across three urban contexts that capture their experiences of homelessness before and during the pandemic. In doing so, we introduce the notion of cultivated invisibility, referring to a habitual, deeply-ingrained mode of practice through which migrants respond to and navigate their experiences of being read as ‘Other’, in racialised or classed terms. It is developed through conditions of material scarcity and in the course of multiple engagements with racial capitalism’s various ‘faces of the state’ in an increasingly hostile environment for migrants. Cultivated invisibility involves staying on the move and blending into the crowd or avoiding it altogether but it also includes the experience of being unseen despite having come forward for help. Importantly, we demonstrate that cultivated invisibility becomes a cause of illegalisation, just as much as a response to it